The BWC Global Forum: Biotech, Biosecurity & Beyond

The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security is hosting a podcast, The BWC Global Forum: Biotech, Biosecurity & Beyond, to support BWC States Parties, policymakers and policy experts, and scientists understand advancements in biology and biotechnology and their impact on the Biological & Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC). The BWC Global Forum aims to serve as a permanent and growing repository of information on emerging S&T capabilities by directly engaging with technical experts. Our hosts interview some of the world's foremost experts across the broad scope of biology and biotechnology to identify and investigate emerging capabilities and future trends and to consider their potential impact on the BWC itself as well as biological weapons nonproliferation policy and practice. The Global Forum's primary goal is to inform BWC delegations, stakeholders, and frontline scientists on how emerging biology and biotechnology relate to their work, including potential risks and benefits associated with the BWC.

Episode #15: Open-Source Intelligence 10/14/2024

Episode #15: Open-Source Intelligence Dr. Yong-Bee Lim, Deputy Director, Converging Risks Lab & Biosecurity Projects Manager, Council on Strategic Risks July 24, 2024 In this episode, we discuss the availability and use of open-source data to monitor BWC-related activities. Dr. Lim is leading a study to identify tools, techniques, and sources to support the ability to identify, track, and evaluate biological activities using publicly available information. Open-source analysis of biological activities, facilities, programs, and capabilities has been revolutionized through the convergence of radically expanded public access to data previosuly only available to state-level intelligence agencies and the emergence of advanced analytic tools, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). These new capabilities potentially offer civil society experts—or state governments without advanced intelligence programs—the opportunity to identify trends and patterns in data that can provide insight into the nature of biological activities. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/33452487

Episode #14: Artificial Intelligence & Drug Discovery 08/12/2024

Episode #14: Artificial Intelligence & Drug Discovery Dr. Kelly Chibale, Founder & Director, University of Cape Town Holistic Drug Discovery & Development Centre April 23, 2024 In this episode, we discuss the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery, particularly in lower-resource settings. AI typically requires advanced computing infrastructure and tremendous power and other resources to utilize, but Dr. Chibale's team at the University of Cape Town (South Africa) has adapted these tools for use on lower-capacity computing systems. Their principal aim is to support African-centric drug discovery, utilizing data from local populations and tailoring products to their specific genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/32505452

Episode #13: Gene Therapy Delivery 06/11/2024

Episode #13: Gene Therapy Delivery Dr. David Williams, Chief of the Division of Hematology & Oncology at Boston Children’s Hospital, Associate Chairman of the Department of Pediatric Oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Leland Fikes Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School March 15, 2024 In this episode, we discuss advances in gene therapy and its use in treating pediatric patients. Using modified viruses as delivery vehicles, researchers and clinicians can target therapies to specific types of cells, providing patients with long-lasting—and potentially life-long—treatments for a variety of severe genetic conditions. Future advances hope to make these therapies less expensive, less invasive, and more accessible for patients around the world and to expand their use for more common conditions. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/31700137

Episode #12: Fermentation Science 04/08/2024

Episode #12: Fermentation Science Dr. Adam Leman, Lead Scientist, Fermentation, Good Food Institute December 19, 2023 In this episode, we discuss the convergence of fermentation, perhaps the world's oldest biotechnology, with modern advancements in molecular biology to produce non-animal proteins as a sustainable food source. The exponential growth of the human population and our continued reliance on traditional processes for growing crops and raising animals for food risk widespread food security challenges, as we approach the limit of Earth's arable land. Cutting-edge biotechnology tools and novel applications of ancient fermentation processes allow us to modify bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, so we can leverage their unique properties to produce sustainable and nutritious—and tasty!—alternatives to animal-based proteins. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/30698263

Episode #11: Gene Synthesis Screening 02/06/2024

Episode #11: Gene Synthesis Screening Dr. James Diggans, Head of Biosecurity, Twist Bioscience & Chair, International Gene Synthesis Consortium October 19, 2023 In this episode, we discuss the role of international screening efforts in protecting against the misuse of synthetically manufactured genetic materials. Rapid expansion in the capacity, affordability, and accessibility of gene synthesis—the ability to assemble genetic sequences from scratch—enables anyone with an internet connection to order custom genomes from vendors around the world. In the absence of consistent national or global regulatory frameworks, the responsibility falls on gene synthesis companies and researchers themselves to ensure that these services are not being misused to produce dangerous pathogens or their components. The International Gene Synthesis Consortium (IGSC) is an industry organization that supports the development and implementation of screening protocols for gene synthesis orders and customers to mitigate the risk of this misuse, in order to facilitate the broadest use of these technologies for peaceful purposes. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/29810933

Episode #10: Gene Drives 12/18/2023

Episode #10: Gene Drives Mr. Saurabh Todi, Research Analyst, High-Tech Geopolitics Programme, The Takshashila Institution, India Dr. Shambhavi Naik, Head of Research, The Takshashila Institution, India September 28, 2023 In this episode, we discuss advancements in gene drive capabilities and their potential as a tool to control vectors of zoonotic diseases. Gene drives are a natural process that preferentially propagates specific genetic traits through a population via sexual reproduction, and advances in genomic engineering have enabled scientists to harness this capability to target specific traits for spread in specific populations. They are best suited for use in animals that have short reproductive cycles and produce a large number of offspring, making them impractical for humans but immensely powerful for insects. Gene drives are being investigated as a tool to control mosquitoes' ability to procreate or their susceptibility to infections that could then spread to animals and humans, as a way to control diseases like malaria. Mr. Todi and Dr. Naik discuss the potential benefits of these capabilities, as well as barriers, costs, risks, and other considerations that factor into decisions regarding their future use. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/29130593

Episode #9: Planetary Protection 10/04/2023

Episode #9: Planetary Protection Dr. Andy Spry, Consultant to the Planetary Protection Officer, NASA April 21, 2023 In this episode, we discuss NASA's Office of Planetary Protection, which focuses on mitigating contamination risk for space missions. Their efforts cover both forward contamination—ie, contaminating extraterrestrial bodies with organisms from Earth—and backward contamination—ie, contaminating Earth with extraterrestrial life. Planetary protection functions much like laboratory biosafety, but on a much larger scale! The Planetary Protection office is responsible for developing and implementing the processes and standards necessary to ensure cleanliness and containment, and these considerations are part of the long-term planning that goes into all of NASA's space missions, including historical, current, and future efforts to return sample materials collected from the Moon, asteroids, and Mars. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/28222511

Episode #8: BWC Working Group on the Strengthening of the Convention 09/15/2023

Episode #8: BWC Working Group on the Strengthening of the Convention Ms. Deepanwita Chattopadhyay, Chair & Chief Executive Officer, IKP Knowledge Park, India Dr. Diah Iskandriati, Biosafety Officer, Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia August 14, 2023 This episode was recorded live, on site at the UN Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, as part of the BWC Global Forum side event hosted during the August 2023 meeting of the BWC Working Group on the Strengthening of the Convention. BWC states parties will convene as the Working Group semiannually during the BWC's 2023-26 Intersessional Period, with a mandate to develop concrete proposals for consideration at the 10th Review Conference in 2027. The BWC Global Forum side event coincided with Working Group debate on the need for science and technology review capacity for the BWC. The event was attended by dozens of BWC delegates and civil society experts from around the world. Our podcast guests discussed gene synthesis screening and other biosecurity oversight programs, efforts to facilitate engagement between governments and civil society researchers on biosecurity priorities, and biosecurity education and awareness-raising programs for the next generation of cutting-edge scientists. Following the discussion, the guests engaged with audience members during a Q&A period. These discussions will inform BWC delegations on challenges and priorities associated with emerging biology and biotechnology capabilities as they work toward solutions to develop and implement science and technology review capacity for the treaty. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/28046799

Episode #7: Large Viruses as Gene Therapy Platforms 08/08/2023

Episode #7: Large Viruses as Gene Therapy Platforms Dr. Lauren Oldfield, Director of Synthetic Genomics, Replay April 17, 2023 In this episode, we discuss efforts to develop large DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses, as vectors to deliver gene therapies, including advantages over other types of pathogen platforms. Notably, large viruses enable the delivery of larger genes for therapeutic purposes, and the characteristics of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) can allow gene therapies to be delivered over longer periods of time. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/27695025

Episode #6: Cyberbiosecurity 06/15/2023

Episode #6: Cyberbiosecurity Dr. Mariam Elgabry, Founder & CEO, Bronic Ltd April 11, 2023 In this episode, we discuss the risks and challenges associated with the emerging field of cyberbiosecurity and some considerations and approaches to mitigating those risks, as biology continues to integrate further with advanced computing, machine learning, and other cyber-related technologies. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/27161565

Episode #5: 9th BWC Review Conference 02/23/2023

Episode #5: 9th BWC Review Conference Dr. James Revill, Head, WMD & Space Security Programmes, UN Institute for Disarmament Research Dr. Anna Laura Ross, Head, Emerging Technologies, Research Prioritization & Support Unit, World Health Organization Dr. Leifan Wang, Assistant Professor, Center for Biosafety Research & Strategy, Tianjin University November 28, 2022 This episode was recorded live, on site at the UN Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, as part of the BWC Global Forum side event hosted on the opening day of the 9th BWC Review Conference. Our panel of international experts discusses a broad scope of advances in biology and biotechnology, with a particular focus on policy implications and global frameworks to understand the impact of these advancements and promote their responsible use. These challenges are among the highest priorities for BWC states parties, including in meetings held since the 8th Review Conference (2016), the 9th Review Conference, and looking ahead to the coming years. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/26026143

Episode #3: Wastewater Surveillance 01/03/2023

Episode #3: Wastewater Surveillance Dr. Robert Mayall, Chief Technical Officer & Founder, FREDsense September 14, 2022 In this episode, we discuss the technologies and capabilities associated with wastewater surveillance systems, their rise to prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic response, and prospective benefits and risks associated with expansion to other pathogens and purposes. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/25495329

Episode #2: Small Organic Molecules 01/03/2023

Episode #2: Small Organic Molecules Dr. Jung-Mo Ahn, Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas September 14, 2022 In this episode, we discuss the use of small molecules as targeted treatments to interrupt the regulatory pathways responsible for cancer growth, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions, with relatively minimal off-target effects. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/25495182

Episode #4: Human Genome Editing 01/03/2023

Episode #4: Human Genome Editing Dr. Kazuto Kato, Professor of Biomedical Ethics & Public Policy, Osaka University October 11, 2022 In this episode, we discuss the current state of technologies and ethics associated with human genome editing, including as direct treatment for patients and to modify inheritable traits for future generations. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/25495122

Episode #1: De-Extinction Technologies 01/03/2023

Episode #1: De-Extinction Technologies Ben Novak, Lead Scientist & Program Manager, Revive & Restore September 6, 2022 In this episode, we discuss Revive & Restore's de-extinction efforts for the passenger pigeon, including the current state of associated technologies, timeline for developing and implementing future technologies, and intended and unintended consequences of de-extinction. /episode/index/show/d2e6e6dd-eb5c-42d3-8e01-7e08cc387881/id/25494921

The BWC Global Forum: Biotech, Biosecurity & Beyond

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