Neurology Minute

The Neurology Minute podcast delivers a brief daily summary of what you need to know in the field of neurology, the latest science focused on the brain, and timely topics explored by leading neurologists and neuroscientists. From the American Academy of Neurology and hosted by Stacey Clardy, MD, Ph.D., FAAN, with contributions by experts from the Neurology journals, Neurology Today, Continuum, and more.

Treating Hearing Loss With Hearing Aids for the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia 03/20/2026

Migraine Clinical Trials from 2025 03/19/2026

Migraine Clinical Trials from 2025 Dr. Jessica Ailani and Dr. Richard Lipton discuss future advancements in headache medicine. Show transcript: Dr. Jessica Ailani: Hello and welcome to the Neurology Minute. I'm Jessica Ilani from Georgetown Headache Center in Washington, DC. In the neurology podcast with Richard Lipton from the Montefiore Headache Center, we'll be discussing the latest clinical trials in headache medicine, where our field is going, where it's been, and you'll get lots of great advice on thinking through a clinical trial, what the advances have been, where their pitfalls have been, and really how to think of both positive and negative trials. So Richard, what are you most looking forward to when it comes to new treatment targets within headache? Dr. Richard Lipton: First, let me say that I'm sure most know about the eight CGRP targeted treatments have been approved for migraine, both as acute and preventive treatments. And it's very clear that those treatments have had incredible benefits for our patients and have really improved headache practice. There's another neuropeptide target also targeted by monoclonal antibodies called PACAP or pituitary adenolyte cyclase activating polypeptide. This peptide is also a potent vasodilator involved in pain signaling like CGRP. While CGRP is primarily linked to sensory pathways, PACAP is found in parasympathetic ganglia. And for that reason, it may have a special role in headaches associated with cranial autonomic symptoms. And that includes both migraine, which commonly has cranial autonomic symptoms and also cluster headache. There's a recent randomized trial published in New England Journal showing that a monoclonal antibody targeting PACAP reduced monthly migraine day frequency and was beneficial in people who failed to respond to CGRP inhibitors. So that's at least one area that I'm hopeful about. Dr. Jessica Ailani: So Richard, thank you so much. I hope you have a few moments and listen to our full podcast that'll tell you a lot more about the future of headache medicine. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40513880

Safety and Efficacy of Adjunct Dexamethasone in Adults with Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in The UK - Part 1 03/18/2026

Safety and Efficacy of Adjunct Dexamethasone in Adults with Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in The UK - Part 1 In part one of this series, Dr. Aaron Zelikovich discusses the trial design and primary results. Show citation: Solomon T, Hooper C, Easton A, et al. Safety and efficacy of adjunct dexamethasone in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the UK (DexEnceph): a multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, phase 3, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2026;25(2):136-146. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Aaron Zelikovich: Welcome to today's Neurology Minute. My name is Aaron Zelikovich. I'm a neuromuscular specialist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. Today, we'll discuss part one of a three-part series reviewing a recent article titled Safety and Efficacy of Adjunct Dexamethasone in Adults with Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis in the United Kingdom (DexEnceph) Study, a multicenter observer-blind randomized phase three control trial published in Lancet Neurology. In the first episode, we'll focus on the trial design and primary results. In part two, we'll discuss the clinical implications for patients with HSV encephalitis, and in part three, discuss the outcomes seen across the trial during and after an acute infection. Overall, the study found that adjunct dexamethasone did not improve outcomes in patients with CSF-confirmed HSV encephalitis. But importantly, it also did not worsen outcomes. Prior research that was non-randomized and retrospective of 45 patients with HSV encephalitis found that patients did not receive corticosteroids had worse outcomes. A different randomized trial looking at dexamethasone and HSV encephalitis was only able to recruit 41 patients and was stopped prematurely due to the lack of recruitment. Prior to the study, there was no clear evidence that adjunct steroids with acyclovir improved outcomes in HSV encephalitis. The Dex and phase three randomized clinical trial performed in the United Kingdom at 53 hospitals recruited patients from 2016 to 2022. They screened over 1,400 patients of which only 94, or 6%, were enrolled. Patients were randomized to either acyclovir only or acyclovir and intravenous dexamethasone. In order to be randomized, patients had to have a febrile illness with new onset seizure or new focal neurological sign or altered mental status as well as a positive HSV type one or two PCR from the CSF. The primary outcome for this study was the Wechsler Memory Scale Type Four Auditory Memory Index Score which was collected at 26 weeks. It had a range of 40, which is the worst outcome, to a range of 160 which was considered normal. 81 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. Of the 13 patients, six were lost to follow-up, and seven withdrew consent. There were 39 patients in the dexamethasone group and 42 in the acyclovir-only group in the final analysis. The primary outcome of the Wechsler Memory Scale had similar scores in both groups. 71 in the dexamethasone group and 69 in the control group with a P value of 0.76. The safety profile was similar in both groups, and there were no additional safety signals found in the dexamethasone-treated group. At 26 weeks, there were 12 deaths from HSV encephalitis, six from each group, as well as a similar time to discharge between both cohorts. The DexEnceph clinical trial did not show any clear clinical benefit for dexamethasone with regards to clinical outcomes but also didn't show any increased safety concerns compared to only acyclovir. In part two, we will discuss the implications of this trial in patients with undifferentiated encephalitis and the role that steroids play in patients that HSV encephalitis is suspected. Thank you so much, and have a wonderful day. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40513820

Refractory Headache Disorders, New Consensus, and Emergency Department Migraine Guidelines - Part 2 03/17/2026

Refractory Headache Disorders, New Consensus, and Emergency Department Migraine Guidelines - Part 2 In the second part of this series, Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Jennifer Robblee discuss updates to the emergency room recommendations for the acute treatment of migraines. Show citations: Robblee J, Minen MT, Friedman BW, Cortel-LeBlanc MA, Cortel-LeBlanc A, Orr SL. 2025 Guideline Update to Acute Treatment of Migraine for Adults in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2026;66(1):53-76. doi: Robblee J, Khan FA, Marmura MJ, et al. Reaching International Consensus on the Definition of Refractory Migraine Using the Delphi Method. Cephalalgia. 2025;45(9):3331024251367767. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Tesha Monteith: Hi, this is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. I've just been speaking with Jennifer Robblee about her exciting work, defining refractory migraine with an international consensus, as well as her work with the American Headache Society on a guideline update for parental pharmacotherapies for migraine in the emergency department. So Jennifer, we've just been chatting on the podcast about all the great work out of the American Headache Society, updating the emergency room recommendations for acute treatment of migraine. Can you give a summary of those findings? Dr. Jennifer Robblee: We looked at all of the new data for randomized control trials in the emergency room. We found 26 new trials, and several of those were actually a class one study that we felt had a low risk of bias. And from that, we applied the grading. So we actually have two grade A medications where it is that you must offer, of course, to the appropriate patient. And that's prochlorperazine IV, and greater occipital nerve blocks. Now, there's also a grade A must not offer, and that's IV hydromorphone. Then we have some grade B, which is should offer, and that's dexketoprofen, ketorolac, metaclopramide, sumatriptan subcutaneous, and supraorbital nerve blocks. So really exciting that we have lots of things that we can now say we have pretty good evidence or very good evidence to offer them to our patients. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Great. It's always nice to see this update based on evidence. Dr. Jennifer Robblee: Yes, I think it's so important, because right now when we see patients, and I'm sure you get this all the time, they come back, say they were in the emergency room for a severe headache and they got a migraine cocktail. And you're like, "Do you know what you were given?" And they say, "I don't know. I was just told it's a migraine cocktail." And as you know, that mean many, many different things. And when you are able to pull the records, it is many, many different things that a migraine cocktail can mean. So I'm hoping that this can start to standardize what we're actually giving our patients as we await more trials in the future that might start to tell us what that combo of treatments really should be. For right now, these at least tell us what individual treatments have the best evidence. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Thanks so much, Jennifer. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40505230

March 9, 2026 Capitol Hill Report: Our 2026 Advocacy Priorities 03/16/2026

March 9, 2026 Capitol Hill Report: Our 2026 Advocacy Priorities In this episode, Dr. Jason Crowell reviews the March 9th Capitol Hill Report discussing the AAN's advocacy priorities for 2026. Stay updated with what’s happening on the hill by visiting . Learn how you can get involved with . Show transcript: Dr. Jason Crowell: Hey, this is Jason Crowell. Thanks for listening to today's Neurology Minute. Today, we have an advocacy update from the AAN's Capitol Hill Report. The AAN has come out with its , and the first is access to care which includes affordable prescription drug prices, telehealth, and adequate coverage policies. Neurological conditions can require expensive specialty drugs as we know, so the AAN supports policies that ensure prescription medications are accessible to patients. Related to this priority, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation recently announced the GLOBE and GUARD models, two proposed mandatory drug pricing models that would make manufacturers pay rebates if their drug prices exceed global benchmarks. The AAN has responded to these proposals with recommendations to avoid unintended access issues. It's also important to make telehealth flexibilities permanent for Medicare beneficiaries, and the AAN has been lobbying for the CONNECT for Healthcare Act to do that. The second top priority is reducing regulatory and administrative burdens, like prior authorization and step therapy which we're familiar with. This is a longtime problem for physicians who spend a lot of time each week. We deal with these processes and we'd rather be treating patients, as you know. A new Medicare initiative called the WISeR Model establishes new prior authorization requirements for some medical services, and while it doesn't directly affect neurology, the AAN and other organizations are pushing back and closely monitoring for future similar models. Next is the neurology workforce. This includes making sure Medicare reimbursement for neurological services is enough to maintain a practice, as well as supporting wellness and immigration policy to allow international medical graduates to practice in the US. Related to this priority, the AAN has been pushing for a permanent inflationary update to the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule and to end the schedule's outdated budget neutrality requirement that ends up causing cuts to reimbursement each year. The final priority is neuroscience research and brain health. There have been a lot of threats to research funding recently, and the AAN has been lobbying for NIH and NINDS funding that includes the BRAIN Initiative, an important program that's led to neurology breakthroughs. It's set to lose a big part of this funding at the end of the year when funding from the 21st Century Cures Act expires. So the AAN has been asking Congress to help make up the gap through appropriation spending. There's much more in this week's Capitol Hill Report, and this is available on aan.com/chr, and for our US members, you can also find this Capitol Hill Report in your inbox. So check it out to learn more. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40499655

Seizures and Epilepsy in Patients With Untreated Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 03/13/2026

Seizures and Epilepsy in Patients With Untreated Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Dr. Halley Alexander and Dr. Abel Sandmann discuss seizure rates and risk factors in patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) during long-term follow-up without CCM intervention. Show citation: Sandmann ACA, Vandertop WP, White PM, Verbaan D, Coutinho JM, Al-Shahi Salman R. Seizures and Epilepsy in Patients With Untreated Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: A Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study. Neurology. 2025;105(11):e214387. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Halley Alexander: Hi, this is Halley Alexander with today's Neurology Minute. I'm here with Abel Sandmann from Amsterdam University Medical Center, and we just finished recording a full-length podcast about some exciting findings related to cerebral cavernous malformations and the risk of seizures and epilepsy. Abel, can you give our listeners a rundown of the most exciting findings and how it can change practice? Dr. Abel Sandmann: In our paper, we show that patients with a cerebral cavernous malformation who have a first unprovoked seizure should be diagnosed with epilepsy and considered for anti-seizure medication, as most of them achieve long-term seizure freedom with medical therapy alone. These findings are based on a prospective population-based cohort study in which we analyze long-term follow-up and assess the rates and risk factors for: one, a first-ever epileptic seizure; two, seizure recurrence to evaluate the updated ILAE definition of epilepsy; and three, seizure freedom over two years and five years among patients with epilepsy. We found that among patients who had never experienced a seizure before, the 10-year risk of a first-ever seizure was only 6%. This supports current recommendations against prophylactic anti-seizure medication in patients who are incidentally diagnosed with a cerebral cavernous malformation. However, following a first unprovoked seizure, the 10-year risk of recurrence was 80%, which exceeds the 60% threshold defined by the ILAE. This justifies diagnosing epilepsy after the first and provoked seizure in this population. Given that the risk of recurrence was lower in patients treated with anti-seizure medication after the first seizure, this supports early initiation of therapy, although these treatment analyses were non-randomized and should be interpreted cautiously. Most patients who met the definition of epilepsy became two year and five years seizure-free with medical management alone. But some patients with cerebral cavernous malformations develop medically intractable seizures and might benefit from surgical treatments. Dr. Halley Alexander: Excellent. Thank you so much, Abel. You can find the full-length podcast, which is available now on the Neurology Podcast, or you can also find the full article in Neurology at neurology.org, or in the December 2025 print issue. As always, thanks for tuning in for today's Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40445355

Refractory Headache Disorders, New Consensus, and Emergency Department Migraine Guidelines - Part 1 03/12/2026

Refractory Headache Disorders, New Consensus, and Emergency Department Migraine Guidelines - Part 1 In part one of this series, Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Jennifer Robblee discuss an international consensus definition for refractory migraine and why clearer criteria are needed. Show citations: Robblee J, Minen MT, Friedman BW, Cortel-LeBlanc MA, Cortel-LeBlanc A, Orr SL. 2025 Guideline Update to Acute Treatment of Migraine for Adults in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2026;66(1):53-76. doi: Robblee J, Khan FA, Marmura MJ, et al. Reaching International Consensus on the Definition of Refractory Migraine Using the Delphi Method. Cephalalgia. 2025;45(9):3331024251367767. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Tesha Monteith: Hi, this is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. I've just been speaking with Jennifer Robblee about her exciting work defining refractory migraine with an international consensus, as well as her work with the American Headache Society on a guideline update for parental pharmacotherapies for migraine in the emergency department. Hi, Jennifer. Thanks again for coming on our Neurology Minute. Dr. Jennifer Robblee: Thank you so much for having me. I'm delighted to be here. Dr. Tesha Monteith: You've done a lot of work in the area of refractory migraine. Why don't you tell us why you felt there need to be clarification on the definition? Dr. Jennifer Robblee: Well, this is a patient population that I'm really passionate about. There's not enough research out there. We don't really know who these patients are, why they're not responding to treatment, and we don't know how to help them because we have no guidelines, obviously, since they're refractory to what we use for treating. So I thought it was really good to get an international group to standardize our definition and hopefully help move the research forward. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Why don't you tell us a little bit about the consensus definition Dr. Jennifer Robblee: So we came up with an international consensus definition for refractory migraine that was laid out the same way that migraine is, say, laid out in the ICHD-3 diagnostic manual, if you want to call it that. So we have different criteria on. So criterion A basically allowed for it to be episodic or chronic migraine. Criterion B had three subcriteria, so you needed to have at least two out of three of severe to very severe disability and/or a constant background headache and/or at least eight monthly migraine days. Criterion C was about the lack of response to treatment. And basically it says that you needed to have failure of all medication categories, and there is an extra one for an other in case any new treatments emerge before the diagnostic criteria get updated. And what we considered a, quote, unquote, failure was that you did not have a 50% improvement in monthly migraine days, or you had intolerable side effects, or you had an absolute contraindication. There is a caveat that you need to have at least four true lack of efficacies. And then the CGRP monoclonal antibody or gepant category and the onabotulinumtoxin toxin category both had to be a true lack of response. And of course, there's a criterion B to say that this should not be from another diagnosis. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Thanks so much, Jennifer. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40405045

Lab Minute: Vitamin B7 03/11/2026

Lab Minute: Vitamin B7 Dr. Stacey Clardy reviews biotin deficiency and biotin-related lab interference. Show transcript: Dr. Stacey Clardy: Hi, this is Stacey Clardy from the Salt Lake City VA and the University of Utah, and I'm back with you for another lab minute. Today, let's talk about Biotin or vitamin B7, because the Biotin story in neurology has two very different aspects. The first is a real deficiency, which is uncommon, but clinically really important. And the second is the modern problem of biotin supplementation that's quietly wrecking our lab interpretation. So first, true biotin deficiency in adults is less common, but it can look like a multi-system neurologic syndrome. The classic teaching is dermatitis and alopecia, so keep those in your mind. But neurologists end up seeing the downstream features. So lethargy, depression, paresthesias and sometimes ataxia. Now, in infants and children, the bigger higher stakes entity is biotinidase deficiency, which is fortunately screened in many newborn programs in the US. Untreated, it can produce seizures, developmental delay, optic atrophy, and hearing loss. And the key point is that these neurologic injuries can be prevented if biotin is started early enough. Also, remember, there are numerous reports now in the literature of it mimicking the clinical and radiological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or multiple sclerosis. So if you have one of those diagnoses and you're not quite sure that it's right, keep biotinidase deficiency in the back of your mind. Now, what most of us clinicians are living with is the biotin supplement era. So high dose biotin, taken by a lot of people, either knowingly or unknowingly, can interfere with biotin streptavidin immunoassay platforms. And the direction of error depends on the assay design, but the practical pitfalls are simple. You can be handed a lab pattern that screams something like hyperthyroidism or other endocrine pathology, and it can actually be purely analytical artifact. Thyroid testing is the most common example, and troponin and other assays can also be affected depending on the assay platform. So a common clinical misstep is to treat the lab burnout rather than the patient. So if your patient symptoms don't match this new endocrine emergency that the lab appears to be showing, ask, are they taking biotin? This is commonly in hair and nail supplements or buried in the myriad ingredients of another fix all supplement. So you need to find out if it's in any of those. The easiest thing is to say, tell me all of the supplements and the brands you're taking. And then I usually do a quick internet search right there to find out if biotin's in there. And so the lowest friction fix is generally to repeat the test after holding biotin for an appropriate interval. At least a week is usually a safe time to guess about. The key is coordination with the laboratory. Not every lab behaves the same and some systems now actually have evolved mitigations, which is quite helpful. So that's the biotin update. So remember, biotin deficiency is treatable and sometimes urgent. And also, biotin supplementation is now a common lab confounder that can trigger avoidable diagnostic and therapeutic errors. Thanks for spending a few minutes with me. This is Stacey Clardy, and that's your lab minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40404365

February 23, 2026 Capitol Hill Report: Neurology on the Hill 03/10/2026

February 23, 2026 Capitol Hill Report: Neurology on the Hill In this episode, Dr. Stacey Clardy reviews the February 23rd Capitol Hill Report, recapping key takeaways from Neurology on the Hill. Stay updated with what’s happening on the hill by visiting . Learn how you can get involved with . Show transcript: Dr. Stacey Clardy: Hi, this is Stacey Clardy with today's Neurology Minute. It's an advocacy update from the AAN's Capitol Hill Report. More than 200 AAN members came to Washington, DC, last week for the AAN's annual advocacy fly-in, Neurology on the Hill. As you probably know, this is the annual chance for neurologists to get some face-to-face time with members of Congress or their aides in the US right on Capitol Hill. AAN members had three asks for this year's event. We did cover them last week individually on the Neurology Minute, so have a listen if you want more detail, but I'll review them quickly. First, we asked for a permanent inflationary update to physician reimbursement based on the Medicare Economic Index and to raise the outdated budget neutrality triggers in the Medicare physician fee schedule. Under the current system, the AAN needs to ask Congress nearly every year to fix a proposed cut to physician payment under Medicare, so it's time for a better solution. The second ask, AAN members requested their legislators to co-sponsor the Connect for Health Act in the US. This legislation would support patient access to care by making those old COVID era telehealth flexibilities now permanent rather than requiring repeated extensions. And the need to make these flexibilities permanent was especially clear in the US during the 2025 government shutdown when Medicare recipients' access to telehealth lapsed for about 45 days. And finally, the third ask was for the BRAIN Initiative at the National Institutes of Health, it's a very important program funding basic research into the brain and it's losing a key funding stream that was previously provided through the 21st Century Cures Act, so the AAN members asked their legislators to close the gap by supporting $468 million in funding for the BRAIN Initiative in 2027. If you didn't go to Neurology on the Hill but want to support these causes, check the AAN's Advocacy Action Center, and you could contact your representative that way. Outside of DC news, a number of state legislators are considering bills that positively or negatively affect neurology. The AAN has weighed in on several of those bills with advocacy letters. The bills it supported include later school start times in Pennsylvania, restricting AI prior authorization denials in Florida and Hawaii, mandating coverage for telehealth services in Massachusetts, and reducing prior authorization burdens in Arizona and Kansas. The AAN opposed a New York bill, however, that would give chiropractors the ability to evaluate and diagnose neuromusculoskeletal conditions and provide consultation advice and recommendations on neurology. So you can find links and more in the Capitol Hill Report. It's available on aan.com/CHR, that's short for Capitol Hill Report, and in US members' email inboxes. That's it for this time. Thanks. I'm Stacey Clardy for The Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40404795

March 2026 President Spotlight: Preview of the Annual Meeting 03/09/2026

March 2026 President Spotlight: Preview of the Annual Meeting In the March episode of the President's Spotlight, Dr. Jason Crowell and Dr. Natalia Rost share key updates and strategic insights for the upcoming April meeting in Chicago. Stay informed by watching the video. Show transcript: Dr. Jason Crowell: Hey, this is Jason Crowell. Thanks for listening to today's Neurology Minute. Once again, this month, we have Natalia Rost joining us, the president of the AAN for her presidential spotlight. Natalia, the sun is starting to come out. The flowers are starting to bloom. Spring is here. What is going on with the academy? What would you like to tell us about this month? Dr. Natalia Rost: These are exciting times indeed. Our annual meeting is just one month away. And so I'm looking forward to all of us coming together to learn, share ideas, and to connect. And this year, the world's largest neurology event is even larger. And I like to say it's my meeting of 15,000 friends. Dr. Jason Crowell: Terrific. For those who are listening today who haven't heard about the annual meeting, what would you like for them to know about it? Dr. Natalia Rost: Well, so the meeting takes place April 18th through 22nd in Chicago and online. And like so many, I love Chicago. It's a world-class city. It's a major travel hub and making it easy for many of us to attend. And we're expecting presentations of more than 3,500 abstracts. It's a new record for our meeting. Registration is also trending ahead of previous years, so now is the time to make your plans. Dr. Jason Crowell: And what would you say are the three things that you look forward to the most every year at the meeting? Dr. Natalia Rost: Well, first of all, the Sunday of this meeting, April 19th, is our research day, which will focus on advancing neuroscience and the AAN's renewed commitment to research funding we talked about last month. It includes my presidential plenary, which is titled Neuroscience at the Crossroads, and which will feature interactive panels of seasoned neuroscience leaders and clinician scientists who are right in the midst of their exciting careers. We will have our research hub to take part in many opportunities to support our high quality research program, so that's going to be great. Another highlight is a celebration of the extraordinary accomplishments of Dr. Walter Koroshetz, the immediate past NINDS director, and a phenomenal neurologist who is our 2026 President's Award winner and who will join us at the Presidential Plenary. This is going to be a very special and spirited event. And also, I'm excited to debut the new Brain Hub this year. I hope folks will stop by. Along with that, we have a special museum exhibit and reception for the Neurology Journal's 75th anniversary. I sure will be stopping by both. Dr. Jason Crowell: I would say that people in the world of medicine often misunderestimate just how much fun neurologists can be. What fun is planned for the annual meeting this year? Dr. Natalia Rost: Oh yeah, we're on it. As always, we will have our celebrated annual meeting party on Sunday night. This year, the entire Griffin Museum of Science and Industry will be hours to explore while you enjoy your food, drinks, and conversation with colleagues. Dr. Jason Crowell: And for our listeners, where can they learn more about the annual meeting and all the details? Dr. Natalia Rost: Please register now at aan.com/am. This is an annual meeting you won't want to miss, so join me with everything neurology premier event has to offer. Dr. Jason Crowell: Terrific. Natalia, thanks so much. Looking forward to Chicago. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40370975

The Best of Headache Medicine from 2025: A Year in Review 03/06/2026

The Best of Headache Medicine from 2025: A Year in Review Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Patricia Pozo-Rosich discuss the latest advancements in headache medicine, focusing on key research findings from 2025. Show transcript: Dr. Tesha Monteith: Hi, this is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. Welcome to our 2026 Headache Medicine Series. I've just been speaking with Patricia Pozo-Rosich about all of the exciting advances in headache medicine in 2025. For a minute, why don't you summarize some of the key advances in headache medicine research? Dr. Patricia Pozo-Rosich: I think that we have good news in headache. We are currently phase two trials for two or three different compounds, anti-part two, packup and new toxins. So we are actually, I think, excited to find out the phase 2B trial results and phase three. So well, that's something that I think is worth mentioning. Then I think it is important to remember that we have new data coming from real world evidence with long-term use of anti CGRP therapies. We also have data that shows that anti CGRP therapies are useful for patients with migraine and major depressive disorder, as well as as children. Finally, I think that it is very important to remind everyone that there are new papers on practice recommendations around the world on how we have to treat our patients with migraine, and that is related both to the acute and preventive therapies. And finally, couple of position statements that have been written by the International Hague Society that strive to improve the quality of how migraine individuals are treated, and that really conveys a paradigm shift where we probably should be starting preventive therapy sooner than later. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Great. Thank you so much for that quick summary. And please check out the Full Headache Medicine series. I appreciate talking to you, Patricia, and look forward to discussing more highlights next time. Dr. Patricia Pozo-Rosich: Thank you, Tisha. See you very soon. Dr. Tesha Monteith: And thank you for listening to the Neurology Minutes. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40340905

Overview from the 2026 International Stroke Conference - Part 2 03/05/2026

Overview from the 2026 International Stroke Conference - Part 2 In part two of the series, Dr. Andy Southerland and Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi break down key takeaways from the OCEANIC‑STROKE trial. Show citation: Read more about the . Show transcript: Dr. Andy Southerland: Hello everyone. This is Andy Southerland from the University of Virginia. For today's Neurology Minute, I've just been speaking with my colleague, Seemant Chaturvedi from the University of Maryland, about exciting trials presented at this year's 2026 International Stroke Conference from the American Heart Association, American Stroke Association. And the one we want to discuss for today's Neurology Minute in brief was the OCEANIC-STROKE trial. This was a very large international trial looking at the use of a novel antithrombotic agent, a Factor XI inhibitor, compared to placebo as an adjunct to our traditional antiplatelet therapies for secondary stroke prevention. And it was received with quite a bit of excitement. So Seemant, tell us in brief, what did we learn from OCEANIC-STROKE? Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi: One new class of agents, which is being tested are the Factor XIa inhibitors. And this has a unique mechanism of action, and it's believed that it can reduce thrombotic events without causing an increase in bleeding, which would be truly a major breakthrough. And so in OCEANIC-STROKE, over 12,000 patients were enrolled with either stroke or high-risk TIA within 72 hours of the last event. And the trial found that patients who had fairly mild strokes with a median NIH score of two, that when you add the asundexian 50 milligrams per day on top of either dual antiplatelet or single antiplatelet therapy, that there was an improved outcome and reduction in stroke with asundexian. There was a 2.2% absolute reduction in ischemic stroke, 26% in relative terms. Stroke, MI, and vascular death was also reduced with asundexian, as was disabling stroke. An exciting finding was that major bleeding was not increased with asundexian. And so this confirmed the preclinical hypothesis. And so I think this was a significant result in terms of reducing recurrent ischemic stroke without increasing bleeding. And so I think we eagerly await the full publication, and I think it could be applicable to many of the patients that we see in our clinical practice. Dr. Andy Southerland: So asundexian, folks, you'll hear more about this as the drug hopefully comes on the market and we see the full primary publication of this OCEANIC-STROKE trial, but exciting nonetheless to have a possible new treatment to help us reduce the risk of recurrent stroke for our patients. So Seemant, thanks so much again for joining us for today's Neurology Minute. And I encourage all of our listeners, as always, to listen to the full podcast interview ain The Neurology Podcast. Seemant, thanks for joining us. Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi: My pleasure. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40326970

Overview from the 2026 International Stroke Conference - Part 1 03/04/2026

Overview from the 2026 International Stroke Conference - Part 1 In part one of this series, Dr. Andy Southerland and Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi discuss two trials highlighted at the 2026 International Stroke Conference. Show citation: Read more about the . Show transcript: Dr. Andy Southerland: Hello everyone. This is Andy Southerland. And for this week's Neurology Minute, I have just been speaking once again with my colleague, Seemant Chaturvedi, about his impressions from this year's 2026 American Heart Association, American Stroke Association International Stroke Conference. We've discussed a number of the very exciting pivotal trials presented at this year's meeting that occurred just a couple of weeks ago. But for the minute today, we want to just highlight two that were represented as late breaking trials in the world of acute stroke treatment. And the first was OPTION, which was a trial looking at extended window thrombolysis patients between four and a half and 24 hours. And the second was in the use of thrombolysis as an adjunct local treatment in patients receiving thrombectomy. So Seemant, to the best of your ability in our brief snippet today, what were the main highlights from these studies? Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi: In the OPTION trial, 570 patients were enrolled from China, and these were patients in the four and a half to 24 hour window with no evidence of large vessel occlusion. And they had a mismatch present at baseline imaging, median NIH score was seven. And when the tenecteplase was administered in this select group of patients, there was improvement in the excellent outcome of about 44% with tenecteplase and 34% with placebo. And there was a slight increase in hemorrhage of about 3%, but no increase in mortality. The second trial, CHOICE-2, also looked at thrombolysis, but it looked at local intraarterial thrombolysis following thrombectomy. And they enrolled patients with a median NIH score of 15 and the patients were enrolled from Spain and they gave a local TPA versus placebo following successful thrombectomy. And they also reported improved outcomes with about 57.5 having an excellent outcome with intraarterial TPA compared to 43% with placebo. There was slightly increased mortality in the TPA group, but this didn't seem to be explained by intracerebral hemorrhage. And so I think both of these were very intriguing and they add some complexity to acute stroke treatment. And so primary stroke centers and comprehensive stroke centers need to discuss the results with their teams and see if they want to embrace these treatment options. Dr. Andy Southerland: Fantastic, Seemant. So bottom line is thrombolysis is much more than it used to be in that very narrow time window and that very narrow indication. There are now patients who may benefit in that extended time window, and it's also being shown to have benefit in cases in which we get incomplete reperfusion with our traditional mechanical thrombectomy. So take that and run with it. Hopefully we can apply it to our stroke systems of care and help patients. Thank you again, Seemant for being with us on today's Neurology Minute. Seek out the full interview and also the primary publications as well. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40314795

How Non-Traditional Educational Formats are Reshaping Neurology Training - Part 4 03/03/2026

Consensus Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Vanishing White Matter - Part 2 03/02/2026

Consensus Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Vanishing White Matter - Part 2 In part two of this series, Dr. Justin Abbatemarco, Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap, and Romy J. van Voorst discuss the patient management card and how patients should use it. Show citation: and Clinical Management of Vanishing White Matter. Neurology. 2025;105(11):e214320. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Justin Abbatemarco: Hello and welcome back. This is Justin Abbatemarco here with Romy J. van Voorst and Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap. After discussing her article, Published Neurology Consensus Base Expert Recommendation for Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Vanishing White Matter Disease. Romy, I really want to talk with you about the patient management card. What inspired you to create that in this publication, and how should patients use that? Romy J. van Voorst: So what the main motivation was of the study was actually a previous study that we did before. And in this study, we looked at the impact of any short matter on unaffected family members. And we found out that actually many family members encountered clinicians that were unfamiliar with its disease or disease-specific management. And during interviews, we saw that there was an urgent need for moral harmonization of care and also symptom management because families felt like they are left alone with just their child and no guidance on how to go further. And we wrote these recommendations to help families better understand the diagnostic and care process so they can also participate in informed decision-making. So they can understand what kind of preventive measures they can take and whether or not this interferes, for example, with quality of life goals. So there are a lot of different recommendations families can take home with. Dr. Justin Abbatemarco: Marjo, anything else you want to add there? Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap: Yeah, I think the management card also helps because they have a physical card when they go to consultation or to emergency room that they can hand over. It's an official publication. It's developed by the Finishing WebMetter Expert Consortium in combination with other experts in combination with patient advocates and representatives. And so it's really a sort of a guidance that cannot be denied. So it has some authority to it. Dr. Justin Abbatemarco: But I think it's a theme that applies to many neurological diseases, and addressing that. You do it really practically. And I agree, giving something more tangible for patients to present, especially to non-neurologists to help them give some guidance. It's an idea that we need to think about in clinic all the time on how we're interacting and supporting caregivers and when they're interfacing with the medical community at large. So I love what you guys have done here and to make us think about this more broadly. Thanks again for all your time and your work on this topic. Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap: Thank you for having us. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40284255

2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke 02/27/2026

2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Dr. Andy Southerland and Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran explain the significance of these guidelines and why they are important. Show citation: Prabhakaran S, Gonzalez NR, Zachrison KS, et al. 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. Published online January 26, 2026. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Andy Southerland: Hello everyone. This is Andy Southerland from the University of Virginia. And for this week's Neurology Minute, I've just been speaking with my colleague, Shyam Prabhakaran, from the University of Chicago, who was the Chair of the 2026 AHA/ASA guidelines for the early management of patients with Acute Ischemic stroke published in the January 2026 online version of the journal, Stroke. So Shyam, in our brief Neurology Minute today, why don't you just give a plea about why these guidelines are so important? Dr. Shyam Prabhakaran: Thanks, Andy. These guidelines are the first guidelines since 2019, so a lot has happened. So when you look at these guidelines, you'll see a lot of new recommendations. In fact, I think the majority have been revised in some way or another. And I'd point to the actual guideline document, which is in the journal Stroke online January '26, and the print version will be for the March edition of the journal Stroke. In addition to that, I'd say because you want to have interpretability and ease of practice, there are a bunch of derivatives on the AHA website that are very useful. They include case studies, they include figures and workflows that could be really useful for you to have these conversations. And there's even a slide deck that was prepared by our AHA ambassadors. There are these young whippersnappers that did a great job putting together a slide deck for anyone to use. They can use that to have conversations locally or anywhere they want. I encourage people, read the guidelines, but then also use the derivative products that people spent a lot of time on developing. Dr. Andy Southerland: Thank you, Shyam. I think that's a great message from the Chair of the writing group, that when you look at these guidelines, they can seem daunting. But the way you all have provided all these additional resources and analogs for people to interpret it and apply it in their own stroke centers and practice, I think folks definitely will be running out to do that, just to seek out the full guideline, and let's apply all this great new evidence to better care for our patients. So Shyam, thanks again for joining us for this week's Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40244255

Consensus Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Vanishing White Matter - Part 1 02/26/2026

Consensus Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Vanishing White Matter - Part 1 In part one of this two-part series, Dr. Justin Abbatemarco, Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap, and Romy J. van Voorst discuss vanishing white matter disease, focusing on the clinical and MRI findings that would prompt the consideration of genetic testing. Show citation: van Voorst RJ, Schoenmakers DH, Bonkowsky JL, et al. Consensus-Based Expert Recommendations for Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Vanishing White Matter. Neurology. 2025;105(11):e214320. doi: Show transcript: Justin Abbatemarco: Hello and welcome. This is Justin Abbatemarco here with Romy J. van Voorst and Marjo S. van der Knaap. After discussing their article published in Neurology, Consensus-Based Expert Recommendation for Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Vanishing White Matter. They both work for Amsterdam University Medical Center in the Netherlands. And we're going to have a two-part episode dissecting maybe two elements of this paper. Marjo, maybe we could start here and just talking about what vanishing white matter disease is and what in the clinic and MRI findings would make us go towards a genetic testing. Dr. Marjo S. van der Knaap: There are two things about vanishing white matter that matter most to families, and one is the stress sensitivity. So any type of physical stress, like fever, viral infection, anything may cause a rapid decline and you never know when it comes. And that brings me to the second item that's very difficult and painful for families. And that's the unpredictability. You never know when a disease is going to hit and then your child is going to go down. So you really need the support of neurologists who know about this disease and help you go through this situation. Dr. Justin Abbatemarco: Right. And this paper serves as a great resource for folks that if they have a patient in clinic like this, medications to avoid, how to manage those stress responses. And so it's a really helpful publication to have there. And then I think another message we talked a lot about on the podcast was the importance of genetic testing when patients aren't fitting a typical bucket and this specific disease has unique characteristics. I think the cystic appearance of the MRI, which you do a great job highlighting, would really lead us down that road. So I think it's all really helpful and it gives us some ways to start in clinic with patients and our caregivers. So thank you. Come back and join us for the second part of The Neurology Minute episode where we're going to talk about the patient management. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40243390

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 3 02/25/2026

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 3 In the final episode of this three-part series, Dr. Stacey Clardy and Max Goldman talk about telehealth. Stay updated with everything related to . Show transcript: Dr. Stacey Clardy: Hi, this is Stacey Clardy, and today we're wrapping up our three-part series covering the Top Advocacy Issues for Neurology on the Hill 2026 in Washington, DC. This is the event where many neurologists fly in from all over the country to meet with our elected representatives to discuss the issues of the most importance to our patients, and to allow us to continue to take good quality care of our neurology patients. We have again back with us, Max Goldman. He's the Director of Congressional Affairs from the AAN Legislative Team. Max, we covered Medicare, we covered neuroscience research in the Brain Initiative. The third and final issue is telehealth. What do we need to accomplish on telehealth in Washington, DC this year? Max Goldman: The telehealth flexibilities provided with the COVID-19 public health emergency have been so important to providing neurological care to patients across the country. However, what we saw during the government shutdown at the end of 2025 was a lapse in those flexibilities, which caused a huge amount of panic, of uncertainty for both our members, the AAN, who are providing care, and patients who relied on care through telehealth from their neurologist. That can't happen again. These flexibilities have been extended short-term basis for one year, two year, a couple of months, and what we need now is a permanent extension of these flexibilities so they can't lapse again, and our patients know they can access the care they need. What we're doing at Neurology on the Hill is going to ask our members of Congress to co-sponsor the Connect for Health Act. This bill would permanently extend telehealth flexibilities, including a full extension of protection of audio-only visits, which is important for folks in areas without great broadband or access to internet. This would just be a really good bill. It's got a lot of momentum this year, and we're hopeful that this will finally make telehealth a permanent part of neurological care going forward. Dr. Stacey Clardy: So important. I certainly know out here in Utah where we cover several rural states, this has really been a lifeline to our patients. To learn more about this issue and the other issues being discussed at Neurology on the Hill, you can go to AAN.com and click on advocacy. Thanks for listening, and thank you Max, for representing us in DC. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40228075

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 2 02/24/2026

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 2 In the second installment of this three-part series, Dr. Stacey Clardy and Max Goldman discuss neuroscience research and the BRAIN Initiative. Stay updated with everything related to . Show transcript: Dr. Stacey Clardy: Hi, this is Stacey Clardy. We are going to continue with our three-part series today about the top advocacy issues covered at Neurology on the Hill 2026 in Washington, DC. Again, as many of you know, this is the AAN's annual advocacy fly-in event. Neurologists come from all over the US to Washington and meet with elected representatives to discuss issues of high importance to allow us to continue providing high-quality care to patients in the US with neurological diseases. In the first minute, we discuss the topic of Medicare, and I have with me again, Max Goldman, director of Congressional Affairs from the AAN legislative team, to talk to us about issue number two, which is neuroscience research, and specifically the BRAIN Initiative. Max, what are we going to discuss about neuroscience research? What do we need to happen in order to continue doing high-quality research? Max Goldman: So, this one is so important, and there's this wonderful program at the NIH called The BRAIN Initiative. This was founded in 2013, really reinforced in 2016 with the 21st Century Cures Act. It's just funding for basic research into how the brain works, right? And the idea behind this is that if we can understand how the brain works, we can find the next generation of treatment or cures for neurological conditions, psychiatric conditions, and issues that go through the brain. This year, we are in a precarious position. Mandatory funding for this program is expiring, and so we're going to lose a lot of money and a lot of opportunities to provide more grants to people to figure out how the brain works. So, what we are doing on Neurology on the Hill is we're asking members of Congress to support $468 million in funding in fiscal year 2027 for the BRAIN Initiative, so we can keep up the good work and keep working towards the next generation of treatments and cures for neurological conditions. Dr. Stacey Clardy: So important. Thank you, Max. To learn more about this issue and the other two issues, you can go to AAN.com. Click on advocacy. And stick with us for the third Neurology Minute, where we will get to the final issue to be discussed, telehealth. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40203315

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 1 02/23/2026

Neurology on the Hill 2026 - Part 1 In the first part of this three-part series, Dr. Stacey Clardy and Max Goldman discuss the state of Medicare in 2026. Stay updated with everything related to . Show transcript: Dr. Stacey Clardy: Hi, this is Stacey Clardy. Today, we're going to start the first of a three-part series about the top advocacy issues at Neurology on the Hill 2026 in Washington, DC. As many of you know, this is the AAN's Annual Advocacy fly-in event in the US, where neurologists come to Washington and meet with our elected representatives to discuss the issues that are important for all of us in the US to continue providing high-quality care to patients with neurological diseases. Every year in preparation for this event, the AAN selects a few issues to focus on with our lawmakers, and we're going to cover those in a three-minute series. We have Max Goldman, the Director of Congressional Affairs from the AAN Legislative Team, to give us the details. Max, the first topic that will be covered at Neurology on the Hill this year is Medicare. What do we need to know about the state of Medicare in 2026? Max Goldman: Thank you so much for having me. As many of you know, the way the Medicare physician fee schedule works and the way that you all are reimbursed for the care you provide patients across the country has been broken for several years. We have this cycle of indiscriminate cuts that keeps happening, where the CMS will present a fee schedule, it'll have a cut for you all, then we have to go to Congress to beg for them to fix the cut. This year, we are talking to Congress about a structural reform that they can make, so we don't have to do that anymore, and the reimbursement that you all receive is commensurate with cost of actually providing care. This year we're going to ask for two things. We're going to ask for them to adjust the triggers to the budget neutrality requirement in the fee schedule, meaning that CMS can make some more changes to the fee schedule without requiring cuts to everyone's reimbursement, and we're going to request that they provide a permanent inflationary adjustment to physician reimbursement so that the reimbursement you get is in track with the cost of providing care in any given year. Dr. Stacey Clardy: Thanks for that summary. Here's hoping to get some traction on that. To learn more about this issue, you can go to aan.com and click on advocacy. And in the upcoming two minutes, we are going to discuss the other issues being brought to Congress at Neurology on the Hill. Thank you for listening to today's Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40203140

Clinical Insights Into CASPR1 and CASPR1/Contactin-1 Complex Autoimmune Nodopathies 02/20/2026

Diagnostic Yield of Reanalysis After Nondiagnostic Genome Sequencing in Infants With Unexplained Epilepsy 02/19/2026

Diagnostic Yield of Reanalysis After Nondiagnostic Genome Sequencing in Infants With Unexplained Epilepsy Dr. Halley Alexander and Dr. Alissa M. D'Gama discuss genetic testing for infantile epilepsies. Show citation: Nguyen JNH, Lachgar-Ruiz M, Higginbotham EJ, et al. Diagnostic Yield of Comprehensive Reanalysis After Nondiagnostic Short-Read Genome Sequencing in Infants With Unexplained Epilepsy. Neurology. 2026;106(6):e214645. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000214645 Show transcript: Dr. Halley Alexander: Hi, this is Halley Alexander with today's Neurology Minute, and I'm here with Dr. Alissa D'Gama from Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and we just finished recording a full-length podcast about some exciting new work in genetic testing for infantile onset epilepsies. Alissa, can you tell us what you found briefly and why it's important for neurology care? Dr. Alissa D'Gama: Infantile epilepsies are relatively common, and they're associated with substantial burden of disease, and we know that identifying underlying genetic causes can impact clinical care. It's important for emerging precision therapies. But even after genome sequencing, which is the most comprehensive clinical genetic testing currently available, most infants remain genetically unsolved. And so what we did was take that genome sequencing data and reanalyze it for a cohort of infants who had unexplained non-acquired epilepsy and non-diagnostic genome sequencing, and in about 5% of cases, our reanalysis was able to identify a genetic diagnosis, and all of these diagnoses had impact on clinical care for their infants and their families. In some cases, we could incorporate new information, either new clinical information about the patient or new scientific methods or information about disease associations, and in other cases, we were able to incorporate new analysis methods to identify variants. And so our findings suggest that implementing reanalysis for infants or any individual with epilepsy within a year or two of non-diagnostic testing may be useful. Dr. Halley Alexander: Thank you so much, and you can find a lot more details by listening to the full-length podcast, which is available now on the Neurology podcast, and you can find the full article in the March 10th issue of Neurology or online at neurology.org. As always, thanks for tuning in for today's Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40165475

How Non-Traditional Educational Formats are Reshaping Neurology Training - Part 3 02/18/2026

How Non-Traditional Educational Formats are Reshaping Neurology Training - Part 3 In part three of this series, Dr. Jeff Ratliff discusses how access to information is not the same as clinical confidence. Show transcript: Dr. Jeff Ratliff: Hi, this is Jeff Ratliff from Thomas Jefferson University, and this is your Neurology Minute. I'm back again with a Neurology Minute episode to complement the podcast discussion I had with Roy Strowd, Justin Abbatemarco, and Tesha Monteith on the topic of technology-driven shifts in neurology education. In the episode, we touched on podcasting, AI-based learning, and social media on neurology education as a panel discussion. While there is still tremendous utility and promise and excitement around these tools, I think it's still helpful for us all to remember that access to information is not the same as clinical confidence. With tools like podcasts, learners can hear expert discussions on their commute or review topics in new interactive formats. With AI tools, learners can simulate talking to patients with a multitude of neurologic conditions. These digital tools can provide answers at hours, and our learners fingertips much more readily than even recent years. But as we watch the explosion of these tools impact, we must keep in mind the value of bedside clinical teaching. As teachers, as educators, there's still a great impact we can have by watching a resident examine a patient with ataxia, or coaching them through a difficult conversation with a patient. We can still help them teach the skill of reasoning through their clinical encounters in real time so that they can remember to ask that key history question, or to add in that critical exam maneuver. So, as impressive and impactful the latest and greatest teaching tool may be, I encourage you all not to shy away from going back to the bedside with the student, the resident, or fellow working with you today. Thanks for listening to the Neurology Minute. We'll see you next time. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40153090

How Non-Traditional Educational Formats are Reshaping Neurology Training - Part 2 02/17/2026

How Non-Traditional Educational Formats are Reshaping Neurology Training - Part 2 In part two of this series, Dr. Jeff Ratliff discusses the expanding role of AI and digital tools in neurology education, emphasizing the importance of verifying information and developing source literacy. Show transcript: Dr. Jeff Ratliff: Hi, this is Jeff Ratliff from Thomas Jefferson University, and this is your Neurology Minute. I recently recorded a podcast episode with Roy Strowd, Justin Abbatemarco, and Tesha Monteith, where we discussed the growing impact of technology in neurology education. In this episode, we touched on podcasting, AI-based learning and social media in neurology education, all as a panel discussion. As an accompaniment to that conversation, we're releasing a series of Neurology Minute episodes, exploring those tools. Today I want to focus an important caution, verification. With increasing use of digital tools, AI or otherwise. The need for caution and verification of sources is even more important. Large language models and other AI tools are very frequently used by trainees at all levels. To summarize topics, generate explanations, and even draft a differential diagnosis. But as you all know, the outputs of these tools can be efficient and really impressive, but we need to keep in mind that potential issues with reliability. While less and less common, these tools may hallucinate producing information that sounds authoritative and sounds correct, but it's actually outdated or maybe even unsupported by evidence. So for those of us teaching at the bedside or in clinic, this means we have a responsibility to help our learners develop literacy towards AI and other digital tools. We have to be critics of our sources. As neurologists, we can role model asking questions like, where did this information come from and how do we verify it, and did you read the study that they cited? We encourage trainees to trace these claims back to the primary literature or to pull up guidelines or other trusted review sources just as we do in our own practice. I don't want to pour water on the AI enthusiasm. The truth is still that AI education tools can be a powerful adjunct for learning, but we should treat it like an assistant, not a supervisor. It's useful, it's fast, but it's still in need of our own supervision. Please tune into our podcast discussion to hear more about the rapidly changing landscape of neurology education. Meanwhile, thanks for listening to the Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40139940

Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine - Part 2 02/16/2026

Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine - Part 2 In part two of this series, Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Andrew Hershey discuss appropriate treatment strategies to prevent migraines in children and adolescents. Show citation: Hershey AD, Szperka CL, Barbanti P, et al. Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(3):243-252. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Tesha Monteith: This is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. I'm back with Andrew Hershey, professor of Pediatrics and Director of the Division of Neurology at Cincinnati Children's and the Children's Headache Center. This is part two of our discussion on his paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine. Andrew, now that we have fremanezumab approved for prevention of episodic migraine in children and adolescents, and we have a number of other devices and treatments for patients that can be used as part of FDA-approved treatment or even off-label, can you discuss an appropriate treatment paradigm to prevent migraine? Dr. Andrew Hershey: I think the first and foremost part of the paradigm is to identify the disease, so recognition that headaches are a component of the disease migraine, so you have headaches attacks due to migraine is an essential part. Many of the children, adolescents and their families are unaware that that is even what they're having, and clarifying the etiology actually goes a long way. One of my former mentors, Dr. Prensky, always said that 50% of kids get better from just seeing a child neurologist, and I think it's that clarification of the diagnosis. Second to that, you need to provide a very adequate acute treatment as well as what's probably even more essential than anything else is healthy lifestyle habits. So regular eating, drinking, sleeping, and exercise. And then finally, if the headache is causing severe disability or frequent headaches or interfering with the child's school, home or social life, the prevention medications may need to be added. And this is where the fremanezumab, or if you prefer devices, devices can be used for both the acute and preventive treatment. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Well, thank you for the summary, and congratulations again on your paper. Dr. Andrew Hershey: Thank you. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Do check out the full podcast for more details about the paper and treatment of migraine in children and adolescents. This is Tesha Monteith. Thank you for listening to the Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40124915

CSF α-Synuclein Seed Amplification Assays and Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers 02/13/2026

Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine - Part 1 02/12/2026

Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine - Part 1 In part one of this two-part series, Dr. Tesha Monteith and Dr. Andrew Hershey summarize findings from the SPACE trial evaluating fremanezumab in adolescents and children with migraine. Show citation: Hershey AD, Szperka CL, Barbanti P, et al. Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2026;394(3):243-252. doi: Show transcript: Dr. Tesha Monteith: Hi, this is Tesha Monteith with the Neurology Minute. I'm here with Andrew Hershey, Professor of Pediatrics and Director of the Division of Neurology at Cincinnati Children's and the Children's Headache Center. We're here talking about his new paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Fremanezumab in Children and Adolescents with Episodic Migraine. Andrew, thank you for being on our Neurology Minutes. Dr. Andrew Hershey: Thank you for inviting me. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Can you summarize the findings of the space trial investigating Fremanezumab for adolescents and children with migraine? Dr. Andrew Hershey: This is one of the four monoclonal antibodies against CGRP, or it's this receptor that had been proven effective for adults. And it's the first one, the formazepam, that's been able to report its effectiveness in children and adolescents with less than 15 headache days per month. This study looked at over 200 children adolescents that were in a double-blinded randomized placebo controlled study. And reached its primary, as well as its secondary endpoint of a reduction compared to placebo. And the number of attacks of migraine per month, as well as a greater than 50% reduction in the number of headache attacks per month, with minimal to no side effects, the most notable side effect being injection site erythema. Dr. Tesha Monteith: Great. Thank you so much for providing that update. Do check out the full podcast for more details about his paper and the treatment of migraine in children and adolescents. This is Tesha Monteith. Thank you for listening to the Neurology Minute. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40080830

February 9, 2026 Capitol Hill Report: State Advocacy Update 02/11/2026

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Understanding Physical Exam Findings Associated With FND - Part 4 02/09/2026

Understanding Physical Exam Findings Associated With FND - Part 4 In the final episode of this series, Casey Kozak discusses functional sensory loss. Show citation: Sonoo M. Abductor sign: a reliable new sign to detect unilateral non-organic paresis of the lower limb. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. . Show transcript: Welcome back to Neurology Minute. My name is Casey Kozak, and today we're finishing our discussion of functional neurological disorder and physical exam findings. We're going to now turn to functional sensory loss. But first, it's important to acknowledge that the subjective nature of sensory symptoms means that our physical exam tests will be less reliable than those used for functional weakness or movement disorders. Therefore, it's especially important that we as physicians listen carefully to the symptoms our patients are describing and remain aware of the potential for biases such as suggestion, when taking our histories. Nevertheless, there is certainly utility in physical exam tests as positive findings are present in many patients. We're going to discuss a few of these findings. The first is midline splitting, meaning that the patient's sensory loss has a clear edge at the midline of the body. For example, a patient may describe total sensory loss on the right side of their body, including their face, arm, and leg. And on testing, their sensory loss resolves in exactly the middle of their trunk. This is an unusual finding for sensory loss caused by central lesions, as the trunk is typically spared. The one exception to this rule, however, are thalamic lesions, which may be caused by stroke or mass effect, for example. While midline splitting is not a sensitive finding, it has a relatively high specificity if present. The second finding is splitting a vibration sense. This time, you will use your tuning fork to measure vibratory sensation across a bone that crosses midline, such as the frontal bone or the sternum. The sensation should be the same across the entire bone as vibration is perceived throughout bone conduction. Splitting a vibration, meaning there is loss of vibratory sensation on the numb side of the body is consistent with functional sensory loss because it defies its principle. Unlike midline splitting, however, splitting a vibration sense has been found to have a much lower specificity in testing. Finally, sensory deficits may be precisely demarcated by anatomical borders, such as the shoulder or the groin, which is incongruent with peripheral nerve distributions. Beyond these examples, there are many more findings that can suggest FND in patients experiencing motor, sensory, or even visual, gait, or cognitive symptoms. Functional neurological disorder is a challenging disorder, though our understanding of it is improving. If you haven't yet, I highly encourage you to check out the seven-part Neurology Minute series on FND by Jon Stone and Gabriela Gilmour, focusing on recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. With that, thank you for joining us. /episode/index/show/neurologyminute/id/40047380

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