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Episode 7. Folk dancing, pocket meat and the Malmo shipyards.

Cows and Effect

Release Date: 12/25/2025

Episode 8. A pirate, a confidence player and everyone’s right; animals are complicated. show art Episode 8. A pirate, a confidence player and everyone’s right; animals are complicated.

Cows and Effect

Happy New Year listener. Eight episodes in (hard to believe for many reasons) and it’s a bit different this month. There's absolutely no big swears; there's a few mediums, but not the big one. And also because we talk about lots of research papers addressing two subjects; small cows and short tails in sheep. Listeners to Michael’s “exceptional value” Pasture Pod Patreon channel will have heard about these slightly niche topics before. Do smaller cows cause less damage to soil in pastures than heavier cows? Are the intakes of cows proportional to their weight? If you breed for short...

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Episode 7. Folk dancing, pocket meat and the Malmo shipyards. show art Episode 7. Folk dancing, pocket meat and the Malmo shipyards.

Cows and Effect

This festive episode comes out on 25th December 2025, so Happy blooming Christmas listener. If you're anything like me, the morning so far will have been; 1. Put the turkey in the oven around 06.00 hrs; 2. Check round the stock, 3. Get back to the house in time for a late morning snifter, 4. Check how the turkey is doing, 5. Turn the oven on, 6. Explain that Chistmas dinner is running late.  There's some robust swearing in this one listener, including the big swear at around nineteen minutes in. Sorry about that. We know a lot of people don't like the big one, but think it's canonically...

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Episode 6. Free honey, a faraway look and a copious flow of mucus. show art Episode 6. Free honey, a faraway look and a copious flow of mucus.

Cows and Effect

Hello listener. How's things? You'll be relieved to know that this episode is much shorter than the last one and really delivers on the science. Yes, that's right; back by popular demand, this is the second episode of Lab Rat Jazz Club and, this time, we hear about the work of the brilliant Professor Smith (he's the best, Paul loves him).  The main paper;   Smith, M.L., 2014. Xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxx index by xxxx location. PeerJ, 2, p.e338. Find Professor Smith's other work here;  The Berkley paper on pain thresholds; women (not girls) vs men (cited 1,673 times!). This...

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Episode 5. Chain drives, mushroom tea and a professional. show art Episode 5. Chain drives, mushroom tea and a professional.

Cows and Effect

Where to begin listener? Well, you could begin about 45 minutes into this unfeasibly long episode, because that's how long it takes to get to this fascinating research paper and it's 45 minutes of your life you will never get back. Salomon, M.J., Demarmels, R., Watts-Williams, S.J., McLaughlin, M.J., Kafle, A., Ketelsen, C., Soupir, A., Bücking, H., Cavagnaro, T.R. and van der Heijden, M.G., 2022. Global evaluation of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants under greenhouse and field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 169, p.104225.  Apologies listener, you will only find...

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Episode 4. A fun guy, a great judge of character and a very interesting three years drawing moss. show art Episode 4. A fun guy, a great judge of character and a very interesting three years drawing moss.

Cows and Effect

Do you like your agricultural scientific research sumarised in easily digestible form or described at length in mind numbing detail? Oh, OK, nevermind; how about this then? Have you ever asked yourself what happens to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mediated phosphate supply when stressed plants stop supplying sugar-like carbon molecules to the fungi? No? Seriously? Nevertheless, buckle up and welcome to the School of Biology at Leeds University, West Yorkshire. Eee by gum, ey up, etc. Michael makes a couragous attempt at humour, based on the marvelous premise that AMF (the phosphate supplying...

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Episode 3. French cigarettes, the Motown joke and there's someone Scottish that's really annoying me. show art Episode 3. French cigarettes, the Motown joke and there's someone Scottish that's really annoying me.

Cows and Effect

Bored with multi species pastures episodes? Welcome to North America dear listener and a research paper that is definitely not about multi species pastures (although they get a mention in the intro). No spoilers, but it's proper science done by proper scientists. As well as the science, Michael reveals that he is a High Noon guy, Paul admits a life long obsession with Katy Jurado and Black Cat disgraces himself on mike (on microphone, not on Michael).  Links Jim and Stan's paper. Polston, J.E. and Glick, S.D., 2011. *****-******* context preference following ******* conditioning in...

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Episode 2. Farmer jail, the first rule of ecology club and carry on with your dull stuff. show art Episode 2. Farmer jail, the first rule of ecology club and carry on with your dull stuff.

Cows and Effect

We’re staying in Ireland for Episode 2 and talking about a research paper that looks at four different pasture types (permanent pasture, perennial ryegrass, a six species mixture and a twelve species mixtures) under grazing. They measured yields, nutritive value and how plant species persisted and it’s all fascinating stuff (it helps, if you keep telling yourself that). There’s more. Paul cries at a boat. Michael reveals his Joel Williams man-crush. And there’s four jokes. Here are the links. First things first; a link to a biograph of Fridtof Nansen. There’s loads of stuff about...

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Episode 1. Five billion, there's no snakes in Ireland and an upside down graph. show art Episode 1. Five billion, there's no snakes in Ireland and an upside down graph.

Cows and Effect

Episode 1 dives into the science with an Irish research paper that looks at the yields of multi species pastures (along with the various different plant species that go into them) at several levels of Nitrogen (including zero). Which grasses work best in different systems? Why bother with Plantain and Chicory? Which plants drive yield?  There's some chat about ewes and Red Clover and there's a smell under the table. Link to the main paper Moloney et al, 2020.   Links to the other two Moloney papers in the trilogy. and Link to the Egan et al 2025 paper on plantain hoovering up...

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The Prologue; contract work, wild animals and he knows who he is. show art The Prologue; contract work, wild animals and he knows who he is.

Cows and Effect

Michael and Paul introduce themselves and explain why the world needs yet another farming podcast (it's a science podcast). There's bits about their farms, the other stuff they do and how science works and, for no obvious reason, a foray into the world of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.    Here's the link to Frank B. 1885.   Link to the original wood wide web paper  and the recent paper that says more research is needed   These two might be behind a pay wall, so here's a link to a recent review of the ecological functioning of mycorrhizal networks that is definately open...

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This festive episode comes out on 25th December 2025, so Happy blooming Christmas listener. If you're anything like me, the morning so far will have been; 1. Put the turkey in the oven around 06.00 hrs; 2. Check round the stock, 3. Get back to the house in time for a late morning snifter, 4. Check how the turkey is doing, 5. Turn the oven on, 6. Explain that Chistmas dinner is running late. 

There's some robust swearing in this one listener, including the big swear at around nineteen minutes in. Sorry about that. We know a lot of people don't like the big one, but think it's canonically justified in this case. We'll try to avoid it in the future.

The original recording included my favourite ever Christmas joke, but Michael cut it out and burned the tape. I thought it was funny, but he explained that being funny isn't always enough to avoid being taken off air. We have exchanged Christmas presents. I don't understand why I received a £50 voucher for therapy, but Michael says that me not understanding that there is a problem is "just another symptom". Micheal has only very recently realised why he received a dictionary with the word "canonically" underlined. 

As promised, this month we're in Denmark and looking at Nitrogen transfers from legumes into grasses and herbs. Which legumes are good at fixing? Which are good at transfering Nitrogen to neighbouring plants? Which non legumes are good at acquiring the Nitrogen? Only one way to find out the answers listener.

Actually, there is another way. If you just read the paper, you don't have to listen to the chaos and the big swear. Here it is.  Pirhofer-Walzl, K., Rasmussen, J., Høgh-Jensen, H., Eriksen, J., Søegaard, K. and Rasmussen, J., 2012. Nitrogen transfer from forage legumes to nine neighbouring plants in a multi-species grassland. Plant and soil350(1), pp.71-84. Nitrogen transfer from forage legumes to nine neighbouring plants in a multi-species grassland | Plant and Soil

Unfortunately, once again, it's behind a paywall. Sorry about that. I only realised at the last minute. Karin has very very kindly messaged us to say that if you want a copy of the full paper, she will send you one. You will need to email her on pirhofer@weltacker-berlin.de to request a copy.

Our expertise in internet stalking of scientists revealed that this is where Karin works now. It's Weltacker Berlin and they all look like they are having fun. Weltacker Berlin | Weltacker . Weltacker is a global agroecology demonstration and education organisation (the Berlin site was the first). They are not for profit (which definitely aligns them with our sort of farming). Check it out. Welcome to 2000m2

For the real nerds, who like an old reference.

Fred EB, Baldwin IL, McCoy E (1932) Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants. University of Wisconsin, Studies in Science. ‎Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries

And our old mate Frank, FRANK, B. 1889. Ueber die Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 7: 332-346, 1889. Ber-Deutschen-Bot-Ges_7_0332-0346.pdf

And proving that scientists absolutely love citing themselves, the earlier work with just three species; Høgh-Jensen, H., 2006. The nitrogen transfer between plants: an important but difficult flux to quantify. Plant and Soil282(1), pp.1-5. The Nitrogen Transfer Between Plants: An Important but Difficult Flux to Quantify | Plant and Soil

Sheep / halal statistics.

England and Wales slaughter statistics 25-02-14 Slaughter Sector Survey 2024 (REVISED)

UK sheep slaughter numbers Lamb market outlook | AHDB

Scottish sheep numbers RESAS Agricultural Statistics Hub

Northern Ireland sheep numbers Slaughtering of cattle and sheep since 2001 | Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs