The Pedalshift Project: Bicycle Travel Adventures
A podcast about bicycle touring, bikepacking, bike camping... any way you describe adventure travel by bike, it's covered here! From tips and tricks to ideas on how to ride your ride. Let's shrink the world by bike.
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383: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 2
11/14/2024
383: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 2
Starting from Fargo and driving clear across North Dakota, I had little to prepare me for what awaited on the western edge of the state. But would I see the bison that I low key really wanted to see, and would some discovered damage on the Brompton scuttle the bikey part of this bike adjacent adventure? Housekeeping We’re shifting the schedule around a bit here as we close out the year… we’re going to delay the final best of for 2024 so we can go straight through to finish the NoDak Adventure with no interruptions. But also… Live Show! Friday December 6 at 9pm ET/6pm PT - topics TBA, and of course it’ll be the pod for the following week if you can’t make it live. Links and more at . Best of will be the week of the 19th, then you Shifty the Elf fans? The Holiday Spectacular returns Dec 26th to close out the year! NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 2 Driving North Dakota Adventures - Reflections on the landscape: vastness, agriculture, and wildlife sightings along the drive - Observations on North Dakota’s scenic beauty, especially during fall - Jamestown Buffalo Museum mention and the fascination with the changing golden hues of the farmlands Arrival in Theodore Roosevelt National Park - Excitement for the park’s wilderness, iconic buffalo herd, and camping at Cottonwood Campground - Insight into campground conditions: first-come, first-served, no water or services, and gear preparations - Planning for a night in the chilly North Dakota weather Camping and Wildlife Encounters - Capturing buffalo sightings, exploring the park, and photographing the scenic Badlands - Cycling experiences within the campground and nearby closed loops, including brief cycling issues - Observations on the local flora, geology, and prairie dog sightings Unexpected Gear Lessons and Camping Essentials - Discussing travel gear logistics: food, fuel, and camping supplies for a no-service campground - Bike challenges: saddle issues and minor damages to bike parts during transport - Lessons learned for future trips, particularly with bike handling and protection Biking and Buffalo Close Encounters - Memorable encounters with buffalo while biking, and the unique thrill of seeing them up close - Reflection on safety tips and maintaining distance with wildlife while biking - Experience of witnessing prairie dogs and other local fauna in their natural habitat Wrapping up the Day and Reflections - Preparing for a chilly night with layered gear and warming up with hot food and drinks - Reflections on the uniqueness of North Dakota’s landscapes and the satisfaction of fully exploring the area - Plans for a cold morning bike ride, additional wildlife sightings, and beginning the drive back to Fargo Statisitics Miles driven 333 Bison sightings 1 herd, 1 lone, um, wolf Bashed Brompton rack tires 1 Impending temperature drop - 34 degrees F, 19 degrees C Lighters forgotten, and subsequently purchased 1 Flats 0
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Best of Pedalshift 174: Bicycle Touring Etiquette
11/07/2024
Best of Pedalshift 174: Bicycle Touring Etiquette
We all want to do the right thing, hopefully, and within any community there’s an unwritten code of conduct for proper behavior so we can all get along. On this episode, we cover some of those rules of bicycle touring etiquette! .
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382: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 1
10/31/2024
382: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 1
On this episode, we start the long journey to bike in the badlands of North Dakota… it turns out, perhaps the biggest reason I haven’t had a chance to visit North Dakota before is because it is tucked out of the way in the US northern plains. Maybe its remote nature is a part of its draw? Its largest city of Fargo is the gateway to the adventure… would it surprise me from the start? NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Part 1 Statisitics Miles driven 249 Miles biked 0 States visited 49 Number of campers in camp 1 Number of bikes in camp 1 (Mine!) Dashed expectations for a cowboy bar because Fargo is way more of a city than I expected and really that’s my own fault because I should have done a minimal amount of research into the vibrant community that Fargo clearly is, and for that I’m a bad podcaster and I’m sorry? Wait… is there a number here? 9! Flats 0
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381: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Preview
10/24/2024
381: NoDak Northern Tier Adventure Preview
I’m going to North Dakota and I am unreasonably excited about it! For years I have been stuck at 48 states visited (and for real, not just airport states) BUT the final two were ND and Alaska, and no disrespect to North Dakota but Alaska needs to be my 50th. But the opportunity to get there was shattered ten years ago when my original ride on the Northern Tier route was scuttled by a heat wave I wasn’t interested in riding through. But now… I’m doing it. With a bike. And buffaloes. The Adventure Heavily car aided. Very heavily. Like, mostly. Starting and ending in MSP (there for a work thing) All camping Brompton riding daily Crossing the state TWICE Urban camping in Fargo! Theodore Roosevelt NP! Buffalo! Camping! Riding! Finally getting wheels down on the Northern Tier bicycle route! Rest stop car camping in the very friendly sleep-in rest stops of ND! Did I mention the 49th state visit? Itinerary Day 1 Car rental Camping in Fargo and Lindenwood Campground Biking into town for dinner and all the Fargo nightlife I can handle Day 2 Pre dawn departure Gain an hour driving across the state into MT Camping at TR NP at Cottonwood Campground Buffalo herds nearby and sometimes they saunter into camp? Day 3 Half day at TR NP to cycle a bit Drive back across the state Lose an hour coming back into CT Rest area about halfway to MSP Day 4 Pre dawn departure Get back to MSP and fly home Gear Rental car Brompton Camping gear that fits in a checked suitcase - going with basics and adding "luxuries" if I can since this is car camping Stove a must - likely buying fuel in MN or ND Weather Not as cold as you’d think for fall Hoping for dry, preparing for not How much biking? It really depends. The idea here is to get a sample, not make miles. Seeing TR NP at the speed of bike Experiencing Fargo and its… bike infrastructure?
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380: eBike Shakedown Takeaways + 2025 Adventures
10/17/2024
380: eBike Shakedown Takeaways + 2025 Adventures
So, the ebike works… and my confidence is up! What were my takeaways from the shakedown ride and what are the kinds of rides I’m considering for 2025 and beyond for my electric wonder? Housekeeping Live Show! Friday December 6 at 9pm ET/6pm PT - topics TBA, and of course it’ll be the pod for the following week if you can’t make it live. Links and more at . We have a new adventure lined up in a totally new to me state! Preview episode next week! Takeaways The bike works and I might be a better mechanic than I thought I may have underestimated the range on this battery I may have underestimated the recharge capabilities of the "slow charger" but maybe not I need more hand positions (Jones Bar? Something else?) I really should finish the bike but if I’m cutting cables I want to figure out the handlebars and height first I’m going to buy all the things to outfit this without borrowing from my other bikes The Future I considered bringing this bike for my annual Florida ride, then reconsidered Positioning an ebike for a ride is complex because transportation has to be by ground or shipping I want to do more shakedowns before going "over the wall" C&O to Cumberland and back (or train) Full GAP/CO East Coast Greenway segments from DC north and south Connect OTET to Katy (Dayton-St. Louis) KC to Denver Denver to the Pacific Coast What are you interested in hearing about?
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379: eBike Project - Shakedown Ride
10/10/2024
379: eBike Project - Shakedown Ride
On this episode, I take my new ebike on its first shakedown ride to test its capabilities, from battery life to chain tension to, well… does this thing work? It’s a 40 mile round trip from my cabin in West Virginia to a campsite outside of Hancock, MD on the C&O towpath complete with terrain, headwinds, hills and riverside overnight! Housekeeping Lael Wilcox’s ride is weeks old now but shout out to listener and former guest Cyrus Fairivar for not only meeting with Lael, but getting an unnamed shout out on her pod! Live Show announcement! Friday December 6 at 9pm ET/6pm PT - topics TBA, and of course it’ll be the pod for the following week if you can’t make it live. Links and more at . eBike Project - Shakedown Ride Bike Setup & Preparation: • Fully charged battery, loaded with two rear panniers, and adjustments for the first e-bike adventure. • Changes from the last ride: added a stove for coffee and packed some food from Maria’s Taqueria. Ride Experience: • Initial observations on battery performance: The e-bike flattened the hills, averaging around 20-25 mph with minimal battery usage. • Headwind and hill performance: Noted how the pedal assist (at level 4 and 5) made hills easier and allowed for faster cruising speeds. Comfort Adjustments: • Noted some tingling in the hands and plans to possibly add bar ends or horns for a better grip. • A potential move to a more upright riding position, requiring cabling adjustments. Battery Management: • Discussed the range and recharge performance, observing that the battery was only down 25% after 20 miles of riding, even with heavy pedal assist. • Insights on ideal battery storage and how the e-bike’s range matched expectations. Camp Setup: • Arrived at camp and shared thoughts on the bike’s potential for longer tours, with plenty of battery for return rides. • Reflections on camping alone and observations on trail conditions and other cyclists. The Ride Back: • Further testing of the battery on uphill sections, confirming impressive performance with ample pedal assist. • Final reflections on e-bike touring possibilities, noting a vastly improved return ride compared to previous acoustic bike tours. Statistics Miles biked: 40 miles Average Speed on Flats: 23 mph Battery confidence: 100% Efficacy of using coffee stirrers as chopsticks: 3% Flats: 0
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Best of Pedalshift 137: Fall Touring (Live)
10/03/2024
Best of Pedalshift 137: Fall Touring (Live)
Originally recorded live from Hedgesville, WV, this episode of the Pedalshift Project includes the (semi-doomed) 2018 fall tour reveal and gear tips for your fall bicycle touring. Plus banter with you… because it was live! .
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378: E-Bike Project - Shakedown Preview
09/26/2024
378: E-Bike Project - Shakedown Preview
On this edition, we preview a short but momentous little overnight adventure on my brand new ebike… we’ll discuss goals and strategies, plus recharge options and… hey, we’re getting back on the C&O again! eBike Project - Shakedown Preview The basics ebike full charged battery Two panniers and maybe the sleep kit on the handlebars No food, no stove Sleep clothes only (no additional clothing) Rain gear only if rain ends up being possible extra tools - chain breaker, master link breaker, more The route Road route from cabin to Hancock’s city park, then onto one of the closer campsites on the C&O Returning the second day to Hancock for any additional charge ups necessary and then up the hills back Approx 40 total miles, maybe a bit more if I ride further out on the trail Why so short? Need to keep things close in case we have something happen that requires a vehicle rescue May be a short ride but it has a lot of climbing, long flats where speed is helpful, and more Trying to gauge how much range this bike and battery has on real terrain Minimal gear and gas station cuisine Hancock has plenty of food options close to the city park that has electric Will bring water purifier for the trail just in case, but likely will have enough water on hand to make things work Trying to keep the variables to a minimum Weather Finally starting to cool down around here! High projected to be in 70s (24C), lows in the mid 50s (13C) Rain in the forecast for a couple of days before, but ending that morning so it should be dry but might have wet ground Down bag, tent, pad… nothing too crazy necessary as we transition into fall What I’m looking for out of this trip Ensuring the build is solid and safe - rack, brakes, cables no longer pinched Testing range on the battery Getting more experience climbing with the boost Seeing how "fast" my 3A charger can charge (not a lot) Getting a feel for a suspension bike Getting a feel for the tires Assessing comfort - how long can I be in the saddle? Assessing need for more add-ons A chill night on the C&O… haven’t been camping since Oregon this summer! Pod plans Single tour journal for the trip (there and back) Separate takeaways episode to get into assessments, next steps, and potential ideas for 2025
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377: eBike Project - The Build
09/19/2024
377: eBike Project - The Build
In this episode, follow an in-depth, step-by-step journey of transforming a surprisingly decent Ozark Trail mountain bike into the first Pedalshift e-bike (n=3 or 4 if you’re counting). This mega-pod takes you from the initial setup to final tweaks, including component replacements, brake and pedal adjustments, and install of a mid drive motor. I’m hardly a bike mechanic, so will things to go sideways at least once like my typical bike adventures? eBike Project - The Build Hey I got an ebike! Where did I end up? Decided on build over buy - more flexibility Decided on new over used - couldn’t find a good used one that wasn’t $$$ Went with a Bafang middrive motor and a 52v 20Ah frame mounted battery - smaller than Brian’s, but still pretty big. Watched a ton of YouTube videos and bought some tools! This took me several weeks because the bike lived at the cabin and I was back and forth a bit as I built it This was a journey… and the episode is a little long, but definitely brings you along tour journals style for how it went… 00:00 Introduction and Episode Overview 01:54 Choosing the Right Bike for the E-Bike Conversion 05:52 Initial Setup and Component Replacements 10:56 Challenges and Adjustments 18:05 Programming and Configuration 28:45 Battery Insights and Expectations 41:03 Assembly and Troubleshooting 48:11 Rear Brake Discovery 48:27 Chain Installation Challenges 48:30 Nighttime Reflections 49:27 Final Adjustments and Cable Management 50:51 Chain Sizing Tips 51:47 First Ride Impressions 52:32 Handlebar and Screen Setup 52:51 Rear Brake Issues 55:28 Pedal and Crank Problems 58:54 Cable and Sensor Installations 01:01:44 Tire Upgrade 01:04:14 Battery and Range Concerns 01:04:53 Shakedown Ride Plans 01:07:23 Final Preparations 01:16:47 Shakedown Ride Execution 01:25:48 E-Bike Confidence Boost 01:30:36 Closing Remarks and Future Plans
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376: Oregon Coast Remix Takeaways
09/12/2024
376: Oregon Coast Remix Takeaways
The remix is in the rear view mirror, but as always I like to look back and discuss takeaways from every trip. On this edition, ten takeaways from the Oregon Coast Remix, celebrating ten years of the pod! Oregon Coast Remix Takeaways Don’t Rush Tent Setup: I experienced a rough night at Bastendorf Beach County Campground due to improper tent setup. I had to get out of the tent at 12:30 AM to stake it properly, improving airflow and reducing internal condensation, which kept me awake as large drops of water hit my forehead. Every Trip Is Unique: James and I reflected on how each of our trips along the Oregon Coast differed. For example, I noted that every time I rode the coast, I used a different bike or setup, which made each journey distinct and memorable. Critical Importance of Food and Hydration: I discovered that my difficulties during the ride were due to dehydration, which affected my overall well-being. I shifted my focus from electrolytes to drinking more regular water, especially after noticing that my urine color indicated dehydration. Also, snacks like frosted mini-wheats helped manage my energy levels. Oregon Coast Weather’s Dual Role: The Oregon Coast’s weather was both a blessing and a challenge. For instance, while the cool, cloudy weather made for pleasant riding, the sudden appearance of the sun during our ride to Sunset Bay increased the difficulty, especially on long climbs. Companionship on the Road: I noted that riding with James added a positive social element to the trip. Despite generally preferring to ride solo, I found it enjoyable to share the experience and have someone to talk to about various topics along the way. Campground Upgrades: We stayed at a variety of campgrounds, each with different amenities. For instance, we found the new hiker-biker campsite at Jesse M. Honeyman State Park to be an improvement over previous experiences, with brand new facilities, flat tent sites, and a charging station. The Value of Good Sleep: At Honeyman State Park, despite the riding challenges, I noted how a good night’s sleep helped me recover, emphasizing how crucial rest is for endurance on multi-day tours. Adaptability to Changing Plans: The trip required constant adaptation, such as when we chose to stay at Bastendorf Beach County Park instead of Sunset Bay. This change was partly due to past negative experiences at Sunset Bay and partly because we discovered Bastendorf had amenities we preferred. Maintaining a Positive Attitude: Despite the physical and logistical challenges, James and I remained positive, often joking about the difficulties and focusing on the highlights of the trip, such as the beautiful weather and the enjoyable ride through Bandon. Where Are the Cyclists?: James and I are still pretty puzzled about the lack of cyclist encounters on the entire ride. We talked about some of the theories, but none of them alone explain it. Having the camps to ourselves was great but if there’s lower demand will the amenities go away? Programming note! ! Next week we enter a new era in bike adventures… remember that ebike project? Let’s just say things escalated and you get to join me in the process! Also… we have two more bicycle adventures left this year alone and planning for the winter trip in early 2025 is locked in. Lots more to come!
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Best of Pedalshift 010: Pacific Coast 2014
09/05/2024
Best of Pedalshift 010: Pacific Coast 2014
In the summer of 2014, I took 6 weeks to ride the Pacific coast from Victoria, BC to the US-Mexico border. I recorded a 2-5 minute audio entry every day for the to share the more detailed aspects of the ride, but always intended to edit and condense it into a more manageable length to share here. . (Note, I say this hasn't been released in 10 years, but it got some love as a best of in 2019. Management regrets this error and the offending parties have been sacked. Or promoted. Not sure what to do with me.)
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375: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 6
08/29/2024
375: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 6
Sometimes journeys have distinct ends and sometimes those endings are a little more flexible. In the penultimate episode of the Oregon Coast Remix we mash together my departure from Bandon and my return a week later a few hundred miles south on the Mendocino coast where MJ and I catch up on his ride and reflect on what’s going on with cycling on the Pacific Coast. Oregon Coast Remix - Part 6 Segment 1: Departure from Bandon, Oregon - Early morning departure, catching the bus to Crescent City. - The stark contrast between cycling for days and the sudden speed of motorized transport. - Reflecting on the mixed feelings of leaving the Oregon coast but looking forward to more adventures. Segment 2: Crescent City and Beyond - Arriving in Crescent City via bus and experiencing the rapid transition south. - The surreal feeling of covering in minutes what would have taken days by bike. - Exploration of Crescent City, a quiet yet interesting coastal town with a mix of old and new homes. Segment 3: Journey to Medford, Oregon - Renting a Jeep for the drive to Medford, a stark contrast to the cycling experience. - The logistics of packing up the bike and the relief of having more freedom with a car. - Reflecting on the decision to spend extra money on a car rental instead of enduring a challenging bus experience. - Arriving in Medford and enjoying some downtime with a few beers and a simple hotel dinner. Segment 4: The following week in Mendocino - Bonus content: Tim rides his Brompton to Mendocino, battling wind and heel strikes with his messenger bag. - The beautiful yet challenging coastal route, with reflections on the unique experience of riding the Brompton. - Meeting up with James in Mendocino for beers and conversation. Segment 5: James' Solo Journey - James shares his solo adventure from Bandon, Oregon, to Mendocino, California. - Highlights include staying at unique campsites like Florence Keller in Crescent City and Sue-Meg State Park. - Encountering heavy fog and low visibility while climbing out of Crescent City, but ultimately enjoying the beauty of the coast. - Discussion of the strange phenomenon of not encountering any other touring cyclists during the journey. Segment 6: Reflections on the Pacific Coast Route - Tim and James reflect on the diminishing number of cyclists on the Pacific Coast route, speculating on reasons like the closure of Big Sur and the changing interests of the cycling community. Statistics Miles Bussed from Bandon to Crescent City: 90 miles Miles Driven from Crescent City to Medford: 106 miles Miles Flown between segments: 5383 Total Bicycle Tourists Encountered in Camps: 0 Total Miles Cycled by James from Bandon to Mendocino: 412 miles Flats: 0
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374: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 5
08/22/2024
374: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 5
A short but challenging ride up and over the Seven Devils would be the last days of cycling for James and I on this adventure, but the remix theme gave us new things to try… a new brewery, time in a great town I usually skip, and one more new-to-us campground to rate! Oregon Coast Remix - Part 5 Morning Update from Bastendorf Beach County Campground Tim shares challenges with condensation and a disrupted night’s sleep. Discussion on the overall rating of the campsite and amenities. Plans for the day’s ride: Seven Devils Road to Bandon and finally to Bullards Beach State Park. On the Road to the Seven Devils Decision to skip Sunset Bay and head straight to Seven Devils Road. Overview of the route and expected challenges. Reflections on the unique aspects of each trip and the enjoyment of new experiences. Riding the Seven Devils Tim describes the physical challenges of the ride, including dealing with humidity and climbs. Frequent breaks and efforts to maintain hydration and energy levels. Arrival in Bandon Arrival at Bandon Brewing Company for a well-deserved meal and beers. Reflections on the ride, weather conditions, and experiences in Bandon. Rating Bandon Brewing Company: 7.5/10 Final Stretch to Bullards Beach State Park The ride back to camp, facing headwinds and fatigue. Comparison of Bullards Beach State Park to other campsites visited. Rating Bullards Beach State Park: 8/10 Observations on the absence of other touring cyclists during this trip. Evening Reflections and Future Plans Enjoying the final night of camping and discussing future adventures. James plans to update his Adventure Cycling Association maps. Teaser for upcoming adventure plans involving the ACA. Statistics Miles biked 26.5 Devils 7 Beers 2 Cyclists in camp 0 Hikers in camp 1 Flats 0
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373: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 4
08/15/2024
373: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 4
If you can’t fuel your cycling, you can’t ride very far. At least that’s what grandma always told me (editors note: she did not). So, waking up in camp without much appetite doesn’t really bode well for making very many miles. But what if the solution were to just get on the bike and go? And would my reward be a night at my least favorite state park campsite? Oregon Coast Remix - Part 4 Morning Update from Honeyman State Park On the Road to Reedsport Riding along Highway 101 Hydration and appetite improving. Reflecting on the camping experience and the tour’s challenges. Arrival in Reedsport Successful lunch, hydration improved. Decision to push for Sunset Bay, despite past unfavorable experiences. Journey to North Bend Planning to reach North Bend, with a potential new campground option. Discussions on the day’s remaining challenges and adjustments. Break at North Bend Safeway Confirmed hiker/biker campsite at Coos County Park. Reflecting on the tour’s modifications and feeling better health-wise. Arrival at Bastendorf Beach County Park Recap of the day’s ride and the new campsite. Comparison between Bastendorf Beach and Sunset Bay campsites. Highlights include a large grassy area, numerous picnic tables, and decent amenities. Campground Rating Discussion Tim and James rate Bastendorf Beach. Considerations include amenities, location, and overall experience. Final Thoughts Reflections on the day’s ride and feeling back to normal. Plans for the following day: potentially tackling the seven devils and exploring Bandon or heading towards Port Orford. Statistics Miles biked 55 Elevation gain 3200 feet Appetite improvement 100% Meaningless hill climbs 1 Buzzing lights at camp 0 Wine cans imbibed 1 Picnic tables available 40 Flats 0
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372: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 3
08/08/2024
372: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 3
I always say day 3 is when bike tours click in, but don’t sometimes exceptions prove the rule? And don’t my bicycle adventures always find some way to go sideways? Everything seems to be going just fine as James and I cycle away from our beach camp, but what could possibly throw a monkey wrench into our plans this time? Oregon Coast Remix - Part 3 Morning at Beachside State Recreational Site • Departure from Beachside around 8:30 AM. • Planning to stop at Yachats, about 10 miles away. • Encountered a group of young hikers. Camp Experience • Ratings for campsites along the way, with particular praise for South Beach and Cape Lookout. • The soothing sound of crashing waves as a backdrop at Beachside. Technical and Physical Challenges • Tim’s battery anxiety despite having sufficient power. • Horrific leg cramps and focusing on electrolytes. • The impact of caffeine on appetite suppression and performance. Journey Highlights • Departure from Beachside towards Yachats and reminiscing about a previous mishap in Yachats. • The importance of breakfast and managing indigestion during the ride. • Discussion on the beauty and challenges of the Oregon Coast terrain. Midday in Yachats • James and Tim enjoyed a coffee break and discussed Lael Wilcox’s podcast. • Description of the Oregon Coast’s scenic beauty, cool weather, and the joy of riding with a tailwind. Mechanics and Adjustments • Issues with bike gears and attempts at barrel adjustment. • Reflecting on the bike’s performance and necessary future adjustments. Arrival at Jesse M. Honeyman State Park • Rating the new hiker/biker campsite at Honeyman State Park. • Reflecting on the day’s ride and the impact of indigestion on performance. Rider Reflections and Future Plans • Tim and James discuss their potential next stops and the flexibility needed when plans go awry. Statistics Miles biked 35.3 Elevation gained 1427 ft 1472 ft - 435m Calories eaten at lunch maybe 50 Bikers encountered at camp 0 Nephew post credit scenes 1 Flats 0
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Best of Pedalshift 161: Stealth Camping Tips
08/01/2024
Best of Pedalshift 161: Stealth Camping Tips
Stealth camping lets bike tourists keep costs down and ride more miles per day… but is it right for you? On this episode, we cover stealth camping upsides, downsides, tips, philosophies, risks, and some thoughts on the number one question… what to do if you get caught!
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371: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 2
07/25/2024
371: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 2
After a relaxing first night in camp, it was time to put in some real mileage over some real terrain. Fog and cool weather beckoned, but would it remain? And would our next new-to-us campsite with "beach" in its name live up to expectations? Oregon Coast Remix - Part 2 Morning in Camp • Coffee experiment failure: James’ protein powder mishap. • Chilly morning with heavy winds. • Plans for the day: ride to Newport and Beachside. Starting the Ride •Update from Highway 101 near Depot Bay: favorable tailwinds. •Tim’s new breakfast strategy: snacking on shredded wheat minis. •Weather and clothing conditions: cool, foggy, perfect for cycling. First Break •Brief stop south of Lincoln Beach. •Positive progress: good pace and energy levels. •Hydration strategy with electrolyte juice. Depot Bay Stop •Stopping for coffee and a treat at Pirate Coffee Company. •Reflections on past experiences and current ride satisfaction. Cape Foulweather Climb •Detailed description of the back road climb on Cape Foulweather. •Scenic views and serene atmosphere. •Comparison to previous rides and current weather benefits. Lunch in Newport •Meeting James for lunch in Newport. •Longer than usual break, reflections on its impact. •Post-lunch ride strategy and sunscreen mishap. Riding to Waldport •Update on the ride to Waldport after lunch. •Grocery run and preparations for the evening. •Anticipation for Beachside State Recreational Area. Arrival at Beachside State Recreational Area •Initial impressions of the campground: close beach access, sandy terrain. •Comparisons to previous night’s campsite. •Reflections on the ride and overall experience. Evening Reflections •Enjoying the evening with beverages. •Discussion on the ride and campsite rating. Statistics Miles biked 50 Protein powder mishaps 1 Other cyclists in camp 0 Hikers in camp 5 Flats 0
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370: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 1
07/18/2024
370: Oregon Coast Remix - Part 1
A big day of travel from DC to Oregon and then on to the coast… it’s not hassle-free, but the coast and its cooler temperatures await for a grand adventure celebrating ten years of the pod. But wait… who’s that in Lincoln City? Introduction • Opening remarks from Tim in Washington D.C. • Packing and preparation challenges. • Importance of cable run for bike handlebars. Travel Troubles and Adjustments • Delayed flight and rebooking with Alaska Airlines. • Adjusted travel plans leading to an early morning departure. • Personal updates: spending extra night with family and dealing with remote family health issues. The Journey Begins • Revealing Mysterious James as a trip companion. • Anticipation for the 10th-anniversary trip of the podcast. • Details of the bike setup and packing. • Weather conditions and impact on travel. Flight to Portland • Flight experience: busy airport and smooth connections. • Challenges with TSA and bike packing. • Arriving in Portland and rebuilding the bike. Portland to Tillamook • Riding through Portland to brother’s place. • Adjusting the bike setup. • Detailed plans for the next day’s travel to the coast. • Reflections on using local transit systems. Arrival in Tillamook • Experience at Tillamook Safeway. • Bus journey details and using transit apps. • Mysterious James’s progress on the coast. Lincoln City Campground • Campground features and setup. • Ratings and comparisons of the camping experience. • Discussion on the evolution of cycling tourism post-COVID. Wrapping Up • Final thoughts on the day’s travel and setup. • Looking forward to the ride through Newport to Beachside State Park. Statistics Miles Biked 2.5 Bike tourists in camp 0 Wine-based Choclotinis purchased 2 Mysterious Jameses encountered 1 Flats 0
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369: Oregon Coast Remix Preview
07/11/2024
369: Oregon Coast Remix Preview
Ten years ago, I embarked on one of my biggest adventures… cycling the entire Pacific Coast, from border to border. Since then, I’ve revisited sections of that ride time and again. And to be honest, I have some habits… tried and true places to camp and eat and even throw back a few. So to celebrate ten years of the pod, the Oregon Coast makes a lot of sense. But celebrating the past sometimes means looking forward, so maybe we shake it up…. remix the ride. On this episode, a preview of the tenth anniversary ride, the Oregon Coast Remix. Oregon Coast Remix Preview The ride Lincoln City - Crescent City A couple of fast forwards (PDX-LC, Port Orford-Brookings) Reasonable mileage The remix - new to me campsites each night (except the last one - more in a moment) Pros - even though this a familiar ride, the tick tock of it isn’t so it’s going to be totally different. New challenges, new rhythms. Ability to spend time in the coastal towns differently. No Sunset Bay! Cons - I’ll miss out on some classic things like South Beach SP. Would have liked more time. Not in proper bike shape for the ride? Unknowns - there are h/b campgrounds, but are they any good? Ride to Union Station, Portland Bus to Tillamook Ride to Pacific City? Bus to Lincoln City Ride hits so many new h/b campgrounds Final night… wanted to do Cape Blanco, but in retrospect it’s just too much to get up there (steep and narrow road). Luckily, Humbug Mountain is close enough to Port Orford to bike back to grab the bus. Only campsite I’ll stay at that’s not new to me (barring disaster/change in plans) Fast forward Port Orford to Brookings and then another bus to Crescent City airport for my car (puke avoidance tour 2024) The gear The Safari - same bike (well same frame and a few of the OG components) as the one that road the coast in 2014 Back from the shop and hopefully riding perfectly Fully loaded, even bringing a stove Flying with the Dogsbody bag (which has definitely paid for itself at this point) Two rear panniers Fork bags, but using the eVent bags instead of those skinny bags that came with them Will be the closest to a "4 pannier" setup I’ve ever done Handlebar roll (new bag) Lots of capacity, but will try to keep amount of gear and clothing to a minimum. May look heavier than it is? The challenges Not in the best shape My usual stops won’t make sense so I’ll be improvising a bit The upsides Brand new campgrounds - new sights to see and new perspectives of the coast Different rhythm to the ride makes it closer to new I’m in this for fun, not breaking speed records… hoping to stop at a few cool places I usually pass by Might have some surprises. It’s the ten year anniversary adventure, after all! Tour Journals start… next week!
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Best of Pedalshift 263: Guide to the C&O – Section by Section
07/04/2024
Best of Pedalshift 263: Guide to the C&O – Section by Section
I’ve taken listeners on a bunch of rides on the C&O (including the current one!), so it's worth revisiting my guide to riding it. In the second of two parts, we go section by section from DC to Cumberland. It’s an audio guide to cycling the C&O Canal towpath whether you’re a first timer of a full on expert. Best of Pedalshift 263: Guide to the C&O - Section by Section
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368: C&O But Slow Takeaways
06/27/2024
368: C&O But Slow Takeaways
10 takeaways from a bike trip that was supposed to be slow but ended up being quite different than anticipated... C&O But Slow Takeaways 10 takeaways from a bike trip that was supposed to be slow but ended up being quite different than anticipated: 1. Unplanned Higher Mileage Day: Despite the intention to have a slow and leisurely ride, the trip ended up requiring a high mileage day due to weather conditions and route changes 2. Changing Routes Due to Weather: The need to avoid bad weather led to a significant change in plans, including a decision to ride to the cabin instead of continuing on the planned trail 3. Encounter with Rolling Coal: The trip included an unpleasant experience of being coal-rolled by a truck, highlighting some of the challenges and hostility faced on the road 4. Gear Issues: Mechanical problems, such as issues with the bike's gearing, added to the difficulty of the trip. This required on-the-go adjustments and highlighted the need for future maintenance 5. Utilizing Lights for Safety: Riding on exposed and less-traveled roads necessitated the use of fully charged lights to ensure safety, especially in low visibility conditions 6. Importance of Flexibility: The trip underscored the importance of being flexible and adapting to changing conditions, such as unexpected weather and route challenges 7. Strategic Zero Days: Taking a zero day (a rest day with no riding) proved to be a wise decision to avoid riding in bad weather and to recuperate from a strenuous day 8. Food and Hydration Management: Managing food and hydration was crucial, with stops to consume snacks and hydrate, especially given the physical exertion and varying conditions 9. Navigating New Routes: The journey involved navigating new and less familiar routes, which added an element of exploration but also required careful planning and adjustments 10. Reflection on Pace and Experience: Despite the trip being more challenging than expected, it offered valuable experiences and insights, leading to reflections on the importance of pace, enjoying the ride, preparation, flexibility, and resilience. Best of next week and then we continue the celebration of 10 years of Pedalshift with Oregon Coast Remixed!
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367: C&O But Slow - Part 4
06/20/2024
367: C&O But Slow - Part 4
After a rejuvenating zero day to avoid the storms, I had one more day of road riding to catch my train. A familiar route, but not exactly one with mindfulness paid to bikes. Would I catch the train home? Celebrate 10 Years of Pedalshift Quick housekeeping if you missed last episode’s live show news… I’m off to Oregon for the 10th anniversary tour: Oregon Coast Remixed! We’ll pivot right into that as soon as we wrap up the C&O But Slow over the next few weeks, so stay tuned. Also another shout to Lael Wilcox’s pod… her adventure around the world continues so make sure you follow along Lael Rides Around the World wherever you get this pod. Unless you get it off my website, in which case go google hers ;) C&O But Slow - Part 4 Introduction Good morning from the cabin. Discussion about the day’s ride and weather conditions. Reflection on the decision to take a zero day due to bad weather. Travel Plans and Preparations Route description: predominantly downhill, then uphill, and flat sections. Mention of carrying less load compared to previous rides. Discussion on the necessity of taking the garbage to remote bins. Weather conditions: cold, layering up, and safety measures with lighting on the bike. Highlighting areas of exposure to highways and the importance of planning the ride to avoid rush. On the Road Experiences Initial thoughts after starting the ride and adjusting clothing layers. Navigating roads and using Google Maps for routing, challenges with algorithm recommendations. Encounter with the lowest elevation point near Back Creek and the difficulties with uphill rides. Discussion about the upcoming route, including passing the county landfill and Ridge Road’s rollercoaster-like terrain. Mid-Ride Reflections Break to consume snacks and hydrate, reflection on time management for the ride. Encounter with local traffic and the need for careful navigation on Ridge Road. Challenges with the bike's mid gears and potential need for maintenance. Final Leg of the Journey Detailed description of the last few miles and final crossing of Highway 9. Observations on new constructions and reflections on the local area’s development. Final thoughts on the ride, considering an e-bike for future trips for efficiency. Nearing the train station, managing time well and cooling down after the ride. Arrival at Martinsburg Train Station Reflection on the ease of the final stretch and the efficiency of the route taken. Thoughts on Martinsburg’s potential and current state, including commuter resources. Preparing for the train ride back, discussion on local transit options and their effectiveness. Return to DC Arrival in DC, reflection on the overall trip and its unexpected developments. Observations on local cycling culture and the changes seen in the area. Mention of upcoming episodes and future plans for spring and summer. Statistics Miles biked 20.1 Trains taken 1 Bars eaten 2 Celebratory train beers 1 Flats 0
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366: Ten Years of Pedalshift [Live!]
06/13/2024
366: Ten Years of Pedalshift [Live!]
June 8th, 2014 was the very first episode of The Pedalshift Project, and since then we've gone on quite the journey, mostly by bike. On this live episode, we got a bunch of listeners together to chat about highlights from the last ten years, the evolution of the show, and the reveal of the Tenth Anniversary Tour this summer. Recorded live June 8, 2024. Watch the show Top Ten Moments Honorable Mention Ten First episode - 001 First Brock - 002 First Aaron and first Sprocket Crossover - 004 Gillian Klempner Willman and The New Woman - 013 The Sprocket Podcast bike touring music crossover - 044 First Cat Caperello-Snyder 056 Thanksgiving on the C&O - 063 First Jasmine Reece 069 First Guthrie solo - 071 Green Goblin retirement tour - 252-258 Top ten 10. Social Distancing on the C&O (200-203) - April 2020) 9. Katy Trail (118-126 May-June 2018) 8. eBikes with Biking Brian (Nov 30, 2023) 7. First Brompton tour in CA (048 - April 28, 2016) 6. Shifty the Elf makes his first appearance on the very first Holiday Spectacular (Pedalshift 038 - December 24, 2015) 5. First Biking to Disney World (277 - March 24, 2022) 4. DC to Cincinnati (165-169 - May-June 2019) 3. The 2020 Bike Touring Draft feat. Sprocket (207 - June 11, 2020) 2. The Mysterious James three pack (190-192 - January 2020) 1. The Pacific Coast (005, 006, 010 - 2014) Summer 10th Anniversary Tour Reveal Oregon Coast Remix Lincoln City to Crescent City Classic touring bike (same one I used 10 years ago for the full coast) All new campsites (mostly) About a week of riding and no barfing on busses to Medford this time Tour preview will be hitting the pod in a few weeks!
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365: C&O But Slow - Part 3
06/06/2024
365: C&O But Slow - Part 3
After leaving you all with a bit of a cliffhanger, the decision is made – my (formerly) slow and chill C&O ride now gets another 18 miles of riding to some sweet sweet roofed lodging at my cabin. But that means I cross into West Virginia where I encounter something I’ve never dealt with before. Explicit tag earned for this episode… Celebrate 10 Years of Pedalshift Live 6/8 The march to the ten year anniversary of the show commences… Live show to celebrate things June 8th, at 8pm ET. It will be podcasted the following week but always down for some live banter. It'll be on the and here at . ALSO, if you aren’t subscribed to and listening to the fantastic Lael Wilcox’s podcast, I can’t recommend it enough. She’s trying to break the world record for cycling the world and is audio journaling it every day. She’s recently completed her eastern US leg and by the time you hear this will be in Europe working her way east. It’s so good - for the details. She is a legend and this is elite level stuff! C&O But Slow - Part 3 Introduction - Riding to the cabin due to favorable weather conditions Travel Plans and Preparations - Description of the route and challenges ahead - Discussion on safety measures and time management - Strategy for avoiding bad weather and deciding to ride immediately On the Road Experiences - Reflections on the ride: pain, headwinds, and dealing with a truck that rolls coal - Encounter with challenging road conditions and gearing issues - Insights on energy management and navigating difficult climbs Scenic and Safe Routes - Decision-making on route choices to avoid hazards - Progress update and estimated distance to the destination Final Leg of the Journey - Description of the last few miles and expected challenges - Nearing the end: checking distance and anticipating weather Arrival and Reflections - Arrival at the cabin and initial feelings - Immediate plans and reflections on the day's ride Zero Day - Announcement of a zero day due to bad weather - Observations on the weather conditions and impact on the trail Closing Thoughts - Strategy for the upcoming ride to the train station - Gratitude for making the right decision and empathy for those still on the trail Statistics Miles biked 18 F bombs tossed 1 Zero days 1 Heavy rain storms dodged 2 Flats 0
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Best of Pedalshift 262: Guide to the C&O - The Basics
05/30/2024
Best of Pedalshift 262: Guide to the C&O - The Basics
I’ve taken listeners on a bunch of rides on the C&O (including the current one!), so it's worth revisiting my guide to riding it. In the first of two parts, it’s an audio guide to cycling the C&O Canal towpath whether you’re a first timer of a full on expert. Best of Pedalshift 262: Guide to the C&O - The Basics
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364: C&O But Slow - Part 2
05/23/2024
364: C&O But Slow - Part 2
After a surprisingly fast start for a planned slow tour, it was time to head down trail. But the muddy trail conditions of the night before don’t improve with more rain, and the forecast looks pretty wet and plans… well, they’re meant to change on a big bike trip! Celebrate 10 Years of Pedalshift Live 6/8 The march to the ten year anniversary of the show commences… Live show to celebrate things June 8th, at 8pm ET. It will be podcasted the following week but always down for some live banter. It'll be on the and here at . C&O But Slow - Part 2 Morning Setup and Reflections - Description of the camping spot and the decision-making process regarding legal camping sites. - Reflections on being overextended the previous night and the challenges of finding a good campsite. Weather and Trail Conditions - Noting the weather holding off the rain for a few more hours. - Observations about the better trail surface and concerns about muddy sections post-Paw Paw Tunnel. Camp Setup and Gear Adjustments - Detailed account of morning activities, including packing and adjusting gear. - Challenges with the fork bag and adjustments made to the tent setup. Journey Begins - Initial miles covered with observations of the surroundings and the condition of the trail. - Encounters with traffic and reflections on the proximity of roads to the trail. Trail Experiences - Encounters with other cyclists, particularly a group of LE officers, and reflections on group riding dynamics. - Decision to avoid a large group of cyclists to maintain a personal pace and experience. Weather Check and Gear Adjustments - Checking weather forecasts and preparing for rain by adjusting clothing and gear. - Clearing fenders from mud and dealing with bike maintenance issues on the trail. Scenic Observations - Descriptions of the flora and fauna observed along the trail. - Reflection on missing the red bud season but enjoying the current wildflower bloom. Paw Paw Tunnel Experience - Detailed ride through of the Paw Paw Tunnel, including conditions and the tunnel's history. - Observations on the descaling and maintenance efforts. Trail Challenges and Maintenance - Continued struggles with mud and fender issues. - Descriptions of efforts to keep the bike in good condition amid challenging trail conditions. Decision Points - Considering various options for the day's ride and the impact of weather on the plans. - Reflections on potential stops and the possibility of a zero-mile day due to expected rain. Hancock - Arrival in Hancock and decision-making process about accommodations and next steps. - Consideration of resupply options and potential camping sites. Concluding Thoughts - Reflection on the day's challenges and successes. - Cliffhanger about the decision on where to stay for the night and future plans for the ride. Statistics Miles biked 42 Trail surfaces 3 Liters of water purified 2.5 Decisions to be made on where to spend the night 1 Flats 0
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363: C&O But Slow - Part 1
05/16/2024
363: C&O But Slow - Part 1
Starting with a semi-eventful train to Cumberland, the tour kicks off at an unexpected pace. But with rain already soaking the trail, and more on the way would the C&O reject my desire for a chill and relaxing start to my trip? Celebrate 10 Years of Pedalshift Live 6/8 The march to the ten year anniversary of the show commences… Live show to celebrate things June 8th, at 8pm ET. It will be podcasted the following week but always down for some live banter. It'll be on the and here at . C&O But Slow - Part 1 Introduction Preparing for a bike ride to Union Station Discussing train schedule and potential delays Trip Plans Aiming to reach Potomac Forks Concerns about sunlight and trail conditions Personal health and readiness Bike Setup New gear setup with fork bags Adjustments made for comfort and efficiency Forecast: hot and sticky with potential rain Union Station Departure Chaos with Amtrak procedures and bag tags Interaction with train attendants and passengers Departure and initial impressions Arrival in Cumberland Commentary on Amtrak's inconsistent procedures Starting the ride on the C&O towpath Trail Conditions Night riding experiences and wildlife encounters Challenges with muddy trail sections Strategies for night riding and trail navigation Camp Setup Passing multiple campsites Decision to push on to Potomac Forks Filtering water and setting up camp in low light Day Zero Reflections Impact of coffee on performance Enjoyment of night riding despite challenges Final campsite setup and reflections on the day Closing Remarks Observations on trail and ride experiences Preparations for the next day’s ride Statistics Miles biked 18 Frogs a babillion Stops to pull mud out of fenders 2 Proper bike tags requested by Amtrak personnel 1 Bike tags properly procured 0 Dark chocolate bars eaten 1 Flats 0
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362: C&O But Slow Preview
05/09/2024
362: C&O But Slow Preview
Finding my way back onto the C&O is hardly a surprise, but this spring’s ride is taking a page from my 2024 goals… try to take some of these tours a little more slowly. On this preview episode, we cover how I think it’ll go down. C&O But Slow Preview Celebrate 10 Years of Pedalshift Live 6/8 The march to the ten year anniversary of the show commences… Live show to celebrate things June 8th, time TBA, but mark it down now. It will be podcasted the following week but always down for some live banter. The basics Full size bike New config (more on that in a moment) Cumberland with Amtrak from DC and then… ? Going with a stove this time All camping Forecast looks like rain I’m getting over a cold, so not sure how that will impact things New config? The front rack from last season is fine but I want to try something new Found I couldn’t get the bike in the Dogsbody bag last year and I didn’t want to keep having to install/unintall. Might end up on my ebike? Solution: Fork bags + Hanging sleep kit from bars 7L each side Very narrow - a little too narrow? Allows me to be a bit more nimble Pacing First night will be close to a new moon unfortunately Would love to do 20 miles even though it’s night riding Don’t have specific plans for any particular campsites The end of the tour is up in the air… I have two options (Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry) so if I’m really enjoying the riding, I can make the miles. But if I’m enjoying the vibes (or other things) I can make this a shorter trip with some road riding on the final day Food/water Will likely carry more food than I have on past trips BUT going to do backpacking meals. Keeping it simple and light NPS no longer treats the wells, so I have a new gravity fed water filter. Trying not to carry as much as I have in the past Stove needed for meals, so I can at also enjoy coffee Weather Looks wet but not hot. Will be prepared This might be the thing that impacts choosing a short or long ride… trail conditions, preferring to stay in the tent for a morning rain, etc. etc. Other stuff Paw Paw tunnel is reopened! Not intending on climbing up to stay at my cabin (although it’s a backup option) Name of the game is slow and steady and enjoying the ride rather than just banging out miles. Would have preferred a little more riding time on Saturday to spread it out a bit more
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Best of Pedalshift 106: Beginners Series (2018)
05/02/2024
Best of Pedalshift 106: Beginners Series (2018)
Are you brand new to bicycle touring or like seeing things through the eyes of a first-timer? You’re in luck! On this episode, we revisit the 2018 Pedalshift bicycle touring beginners series, following James from NYC on his journey to his first bicycle tour.
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361: The Science of Cycling
04/25/2024
361: The Science of Cycling
Ever wonder why it's harder to cycle up a hill? Or why it's easier to ride on smooth asphalt with skinny tires instead of wide tires on gravel? Turns out, there's an answer: SCIENCE! On this edition, we delve into the (very) basics on what works against us while riding, and how we convert food into motion! The Science of Cycling Programming notes Best of next week Spring tour preview the week after, followed by the tour journal! The march to the ten year anniversary of the show commences… Live show to celebrate things June 8th, time TBA, but mark it down now. It will be podcasted the following week but always down for some live banter. The Physics of Cycling 1. Rolling Resistance Definition: Explain rolling resistance as the force that opposes the motion when an object (like a bicycle tire) rolls on a surface. Factors Affecting Rolling Resistance: Tire Type and Pressure: Soft tires or low pressure increases resistance. Surface Type: Rough surfaces like gravel increase resistance compared to smooth surfaces like pavement. Real-World Example: Compare how it feels to ride a bike on a sandy beach versus a smooth bike path. 2. Air Resistance (Drag) Definition: Air resistance is the force air exerts against a moving object. Factors Affecting Air Resistance: Speed: The faster you go, the more air resistance you face. Rider’s Position and Shape: Explain how being more streamlined (like bending low on the bike) reduces air resistance. Practical Tip: Demonstrate with hands outstretched vs. hands close to the body while riding to feel the difference. 3. Energy and Power Energy Definition: The ability to do work, like pedaling a bike. Power Definition: How quickly you can use energy (pedal) to move. Conversion of Energy: Discuss how food energy converts into mechanical energy to pedal. Measurement: Mention that power can be measured in watts, like how bright a light bulb is. 4. Gravity and Hills Gravity’s Effect on Cycling: Uphill: Gravity makes it harder to pedal uphill because you are working against it. Downhill: Gravity helps you go faster downhill. Energy Use: Explain how more energy is needed to pedal uphill and less energy is used when coasting downhill. Practical Tips: Gear Usage: Using lower gears on uphill and higher gears on flat or downhill. The Biomechanics of Riding 1. Human-Bike Interaction Pedaling Efficiency: Definition: How effectively a rider can convert their energy into motion. Factors Affecting Efficiency: Foot position on the pedals, the smoothness of pedaling, and maintaining a steady rhythm. Ergonomics of Bicycle Frames and Riding Positions: Frame Size and Shape: Importance of having a bike frame that fits the rider’s body to avoid discomfort. Riding Position: Discuss how different riding positions (upright vs. leaned forward) affect comfort and speed. Practical Tip: How to adjust a bike to fit (seat height, handlebar position). 2. Muscle Work and Efficiency Muscle Groups Involved in Cycling: Main Muscles: Legs (quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves), but also mention the core and arms for balance and control. Efficiency in Muscle Use: Warm-Up: Importance of warming up muscles to prevent injuries and improve performance. Stamina and Strength: How regular riding improves muscle strength and cardiovascular health. Bicycle fitting can improve efficiencies 3. The Role of Gearing What is Gearing?: Definition: Gearing is a way to adjust how hard or easy it is to pedal. How Gears Work: Explain the basics of chainrings and cogs and how changing gears changes the resistance felt when pedaling. Choosing the Right Gear: Uphill and Downhill Riding: Using lower gears for uphill to make pedaling easier, and higher gears for downhill or flat surfaces to go faster. Cadence: Keeping a steady pedaling speed (cadence) to maintain efficiency. Practical Tip: Encourage trying different gears during a ride to find what feels best for different terrains.
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