The Death of Personas — and What Actually Replaces Them

The Experience Strategy Podcast Hosts: Aransas Savas, Dave Norton, Joe Pine

Featured articles:

• "Death of the Segment: Why Personas Are Killing Personalization" — SwiftERM
• "Your Personas Are Outdated. It's Time to Evolve Your Approach." — Audrey Chee-Read, Principal Analyst, Forrester

Every other post on LinkedIn is announcing the death of something. Most of it is alarmist storytelling dressed up as insight. But under the noise, two recent articles — one from SwiftERM, one from Forrester — are pointing at a real problem: personas and segmentation, built for an earlier era of marketing, have become a drag on personalization in the era of AI.

Dave, Joe, and Aransas trace where personas actually came from, why they got merged with segmentation, what AI changes about the math, and what should replace the persona as the stable determinant companies are still looking for. The answer Dave keeps returning to: situations.

Key Ideas

Personas were never built for marketers. Dave opens with the history. The persona originated around 1999–2001 as a design thinking technique to get engineers to think more like customers. It worked. Then it migrated into marketing and merged with segmentation, and the original purpose got lost.

Segmentation is the search for a stable determinant. Companies need something they can count on to define a market — geography, demographics, lifestyle, generation. Stable determinants make markets identifiable, and identifiable markets are countable. But the stability is increasingly fictional. Customers are not stable. They want different things at different times.

Joe's arc: mass market → segments → niches → markets of one → markets within one. Joe walks the progression from Henry Ford's mass market through Alfred Sloan's segments through the minivan that opened up niche thinking. Stan Davis's Future Perfect (1987) saw the path to markets of one. What comes next is the flip: multiple markets inside every customer. Joe on a business trip is a different market than Joe on a leisure trip with his wife, even though it is the same person and the same credit card.

This is the situational markets argument. Dave's frame: situations can be the new stable determinant. Friday night with your wife is a context. Monday morning before work is a context. Travel in cold Chicago is a different context than travel in France. The behavior changes with the context, even when the person does not.

The SwiftERM line that lands the case. "While your team is busy building a persona for Sarah, the 35-year-old yoga enthusiast, Sarah has already moved on. She isn't a persona. She's a dynamic stream of intent." She bought a yoga mat six months ago. For the last three days, her behavior shows interest in high-end supplements and weightlifting gear. The persona missed the shift. The window of intent closed before the system caught up.

Bayesian thinking is the right math for this. Predictive analytics has historically used past behavior to predict future behavior — yesterday you watched a romance, so tomorrow you will too. The newer move is using context, not just history. Yesterday you watched a romance because it was Friday and you were with your wife. The probability updates with every new piece of information. AI makes this practical at scale for the first time.

The Apple Watch and Netflix examples make it concrete. The latest Apple Watch update no longer just serves up the workout you did last. It serves up the workout you usually do on that day of the week. Aransas lifts Monday and Wednesday and the watch knows. Netflix recommends romance on Friday night because the pattern holds across the whole user base. Restaurants have understood this for a hundred years — they do not serve breakfast at nine at night because they read the context.

Customers have the same AI you do. Joe's reminder at the end is the one that should make every CMO uneasy. Customers can now vibecode their own shopping experience. They can customize as easily as you can customize for them, and they will configure it for their own context every time. The companies that win are the ones whose offerings can flex to the customer's situation, not the ones with the most polished persona deck.

A Word on "Moments"

Dave makes a careful distinction at the end. Moments is the right idea, but 20 years of design thinking have loaded the term with retail-moment-one, retail-moment-two, retail-moment-three thinking — discrete and product-out, not organic and customer-out. Situations carry the meaning without the baggage.

Memorable Moments

• Joe: "I might be multiple personas, but you never say there's a person, they're that persona. That's just wrong — morally, much less business-wise."
• Joe: "Dave has yet to find a situation in which talking about situations does not work."
• Dave's bathroom study: weather changed bathroom usage at French gas stations. It did not move the needle at Chicago train stations. Different situational markets.
• Aransas on the Paris Marathon: one toilet, a hundred urinals, 20,000 runners — half of whom needed to sit. A persona designed for one imagined customer, and the actual situation ignored.
• Joe on the American Girl Place men's bathroom stocking products that men do not use — because the company actually thought about who was walking in with their daughter.

The Strategic Takeaway

Companies need something they can count on. Personas have stopped being that thing. Aggregated situations — Friday night, business travel with kids, post-workout, end-of-quarter — are stable enough to plan against and dynamic enough to respect what the customer actually wants in the moment. AI no longer makes one-to-one a scary thing to attempt. The excuse is gone. The companies that move now will be the ones the customer feels actually understands them.

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